Abstract
The aim of this work was to check the effects of five Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculants from different producers on growth, photochemical efficiency, nitrate reductase activity, amount of hydrogen peroxide, activity of catalase, non-specific peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, seed yield, and nodulation of soybean cv. ‘Malaga’. We also evaluated expression of such nodulation genes as NIC1 , NOD21 , and NORKb . The following inoculants were used: Nitragina IUNG, Nitragina Biofood, Nitroflora Mycoflor, Rhizobium Bio-Gen, and HiStick ® Soy . The study was carried out on plants grown in pots in an open foil tunnel or glasshouse conditions. Experimental seeds were inoculated before sowing, while the control ones were not. Physiological and biochemical analyses involved the leaves, and gene expression was investigated in the roots. The bacterial inoculants significantly affected individual parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence. The highest photochemical efficiency was induced by Nitroflora Mycoflor, which also activated nitrate reductase to the greatest extent. Nitragina IUNG most strongly stimulated accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, facilitated formation of the greatest number of nodules, and improved seed yield per plant in comparison with the control and other inoculants. Of the studied nodulation genes, NIC1 showed the strongest expression following HiStick ® Soy treatment. Nitragina Biofood and Nitragina IUNG most significantly reduced the expression of all studied genes. Expression of NOD21 and NORKb exposed to other inoculants was the same as in the control plants. High content of hydrogen peroxide can be considered a marker of the inoculant ability to increase nodulation and yield of soybean. Commercial preparations containing the same amount of B. japonicum but different carriers of bacteria show different ability to form root nodules, and their differential impact on yield is related to the intensity of nodulation and expression of the Nod genes.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculants significantly affected chlorophyll a fluorescence.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- bacterial inoculantse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a fluorescencee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bacterial inoculants significantly affected individual parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitroflora Mycoflor gave the highest photochemical efficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitroflora Mycoflore0
- Outcome
- photochemical efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest photochemical efficiency was induced by Nitroflora Mycoflor, which also activated nitrate reductase to the greatest extent.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitroflora Mycoflor activated nitrate reductase most strongly.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitroflora Mycoflore0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductasee0
- Direction
- greatest extente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest photochemical efficiency was induced by Nitroflora Mycoflor, which also activated nitrate reductase to the greatest extent.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitragina IUNG most strongly increased hydrogen peroxide accumulation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitragina IUNGe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Comparator
- the control and other inoculantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitragina IUNG most strongly stimulated accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, facilitated formation of the greatest number of nodules, and improved seed yield per plant in comparison with the control and other inoculants.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitragina IUNG produced the greatest number of nodules.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitragina IUNGe0
- Outcome
- number of nodulese0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- the control and other inoculantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitragina IUNG most strongly stimulated accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, facilitated formation of the greatest number of nodules, and improved seed yield per plant in comparison with the control and other inoculants.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitragina IUNG improved seed yield per plant relative to control and other inoculants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitragina IUNGe0
- Outcome
- seed yield per plante0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- the control and other inoculantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitragina IUNG most strongly stimulated accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, facilitated formation of the greatest number of nodules, and improved seed yield per plant in comparison with the control and other inoculants.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
HiStick Soy produced the strongest NIC1 expression.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NIC1 showed the strongest expression following HiStick ® Soy treatment.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitragina Biofood reduced expression of the studied nodulation genes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitragina Biofoode0
- Outcome
- expression of all studied genese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitragina Biofood and Nitragina IUNG most significantly reduced the expression of all studied genes.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitragina IUNG reduced expression of the studied nodulation genes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitragina IUNGe0
- Outcome
- expression of all studied genese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitragina Biofood and Nitragina IUNG most significantly reduced the expression of all studied genes.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Other inoculants left NOD21 and NORKb expression at control levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- other inoculantse0
- Outcome
- Expression of NOD21 and NORKbe0
- Direction
- the samee0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression of NOD21 and NORKb exposed to other inoculants was the same as in the control plants.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
High hydrogen peroxide content was proposed as a marker for inoculant effects on nodulation and yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- marker of the inoculant ability to increase nodulation and yielde0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High content of hydrogen peroxide can be considered a marker of the inoculant ability to increase nodulation and yield of soybean.”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · molecular: expression · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
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