Abstract
Abstract Background Plants utilize a variety of mechanisms to adapt to fluctuations in phosphorus (P) availability. Potatoes, in comparison to other crops, often display reduced phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) due to their underdeveloped root systems; therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying PUE is critical for improving it. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological and physiological responses of potatoes to different P levels, with a focus on root system alterations and PUE. Two potato cultivars, a table potato (cv. Milva) and a starch potato (cv. Lady Claire), were subjected to varying P levels (0.5, 2, 5, and 30 mg P L -1 supplied as KH 2 PO 4 ) in a hydroponic system. Additionally, the plants grown under 0.5 and 2 mg P L -1 were treated with plant growth-promoting Bacillus subtilis ( B. subtilis ), compared to untreated controls, to investigate the effectiveness of B. subtilis in addressing P deficiency. B. subtilis inoculation was performed by adding a bacterial suspension weekly to the hydroponic nutrient solution. Results The findings illustrated Milva’s ability to efficiently allocate P and sugars to its roots under low P levels, thereby enhancing biomass and facilitating increased P uptake and PUE. Conversely, Lady Claire exhibited lower P assimilation efficiency under low P levels but demonstrated improved efficiency under high P availability. The concentration of P in the nutrient solution affected P uptake and several factors believed to be involved in P utilization, such as root morphology, sugar and indole-3-acetic acid concentration in the roots, and acid phosphatase activity. Gene expression analyses underscored the pivotal roles of StPHT1;1 and StPHT2;1 in P translocation to shoots, particularly in Lady Claire. Inoculation with B. subtilis improved P acquisition efficiency by 10% under low phosphorus levels (P0.5 and P2), particularly in Lady Claire, where shoot and root phosphorus contents increased by 13–25% and 4–13%, respectively. Additionally, B. subtilis displayed higher efficacy in mitigating P deficiency in Lady Claire compared to Milva, particularly under low P levels (P0.5 and P2). Conclusion Milva showed greater phosphorus efficiency than Lady Claire under low P conditions, attributed to higher P and sugar levels in roots, enhancing root growth, P uptake, and translocation to shoots, particularly to young leaves. However, Lady Claire demonstrated a notable increase in P uptake and enhanced responsiveness to B. subtilis inoculation, particularly under low P levels (P0.5 and P2). These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing P management strategies to improve PUE in potatoes, especially under low P levels.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Milva efficiently allocated phosphorus and sugars to roots under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosumt0 - Material
- Milvae0
- Outcome
- efficiently allocate P and sugars to its rootse0
- Qualifier
- under low P levelse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The findings illustrated Milva’s ability to efficiently allocate P and sugars to its roots under low P levels, thereby enhancing biomass and facilitating increased P uptake and PUE.”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Milva root allocation enhanced biomass, phosphorus uptake and phosphorus use efficiency under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Milvae0
- Outcome
- biomass and facilitating increased P uptake and PUEe0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Qualifier
- efficiently allocate P and sugars to its roots under low P levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The findings illustrated Milva’s ability to efficiently allocate P and sugars to its roots under low P levels, thereby enhancing biomass and facilitating increased P uptake and PUE.”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Lady Claire had lower phosphorus assimilation efficiency under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Lady Clairee0
- Outcome
- P assimilation efficiencye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- under low P levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, Lady Claire exhibited lower P assimilation efficiency under low P levels but demonstrated improved efficiency under high P availability.”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Lady Claire efficiency improved at high phosphorus availability.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Lady Clairee0
- Treatment
- high P availabilitye0
- Outcome
- efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- low P levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, Lady Claire exhibited lower P assimilation efficiency under low P levels but demonstrated improved efficiency under high P availability.”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient-solution phosphorus concentration affected phosphorus uptake, root morphology and root sugar concentration.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- concentration of P in the nutrient solutione0
- Outcome
- P uptakee0
- Qualifier
- root morphology, sugare0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of P in the nutrient solution affected P uptake and several factors believed to be involved in P utilization, such as root morphology, sugar and indole-3-acetic acid concentration in the roots, and acid phosphatase activity.”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient-solution phosphorus affected root indole-3-acetic acid concentration and acid phosphatase activity.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- concentration of P in the nutrient solutione0
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acid concentration in the roots, and acid phosphatase activitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of P in the nutrient solution affected P uptake and several factors believed to be involved in P utilization, such as root morphology, sugar and indole-3-acetic acid concentration in the roots, and acid phosphatase activity.”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression analysis indicated pivotal roles for StPHT1;1 and StPHT2;1 in phosphorus translocation to shoots, especially Lady Claire.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Lady Clairee0
- Gene
- StPHT1;1 and StPHT2;1e0
- Outcome
- P translocation to shootse0
- Qualifier
- particularly in Lady Clairee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression analyses underscored the pivotal roles of StPHT1;1 and StPHT2;1 in P translocation to shoots, particularly in Lady Claire.”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis inoculation improved phosphorus acquisition efficiency by 10% under low phosphorus, particularly in Lady Claire.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0symbiont - Outcome
- P acquisition efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Qualifier
- under low phosphorus levels (P0.5 and P2)e0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with B. subtilis improved P acquisition efficiency by 10% under low phosphorus levels (P0.5 and P2), particularly in Lady Claire, where shoot and root phosphorus contents increased by 13–25% and 4–13%, respectively.”
e1“compared to untreated controls”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis increased Lady Claire shoot phosphorus content by 13–25% under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Lady Clairee0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphorus contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13–25%e0
- Qualifier
- under low phosphorus levels (P0.5 and P2)e0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with B. subtilis improved P acquisition efficiency by 10% under low phosphorus levels (P0.5 and P2), particularly in Lady Claire, where shoot and root phosphorus contents increased by 13–25% and 4–13%, respectively.”
e1“compared to untreated controls”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis increased Lady Claire root phosphorus content by 4–13% under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Lady Clairee0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphorus contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4–13%e0
- Qualifier
- under low phosphorus levels (P0.5 and P2)e0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with B. subtilis improved P acquisition efficiency by 10% under low phosphorus levels (P0.5 and P2), particularly in Lady Claire, where shoot and root phosphorus contents increased by 13–25% and 4–13%, respectively.”
e1“compared to untreated controls”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis mitigated phosphorus deficiency more effectively in Lady Claire than Milva under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Lady Clairee0
- Treatment
- B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- efficacy in mitigating P deficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under low P levels (P0.5 and P2)e0
- Comparator
- Milvae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, B. subtilis displayed higher efficacy in mitigating P deficiency in Lady Claire compared to Milva, particularly under low P levels (P0.5 and P2).”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Milva had greater phosphorus efficiency than Lady Claire under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Milvae0
- Outcome
- phosphorus efficiencye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- under low P conditionse0
- Comparator
- Lady Clairee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Milva showed greater phosphorus efficiency than Lady Claire under low P conditions, attributed to higher P and sugar levels in roots, enhancing root growth, P uptake, and translocation to shoots, particularly to young leaves.”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher root phosphorus and sugars explain enhanced root growth, phosphorus uptake and shoot translocation in Milva, especially to young leaves.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Milvae0
- Organ / stage
- young leavese0
- Outcome
- root growth, P uptake, and translocation to shootse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Qualifier
- higher P and sugar levels in rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Milva showed greater phosphorus efficiency than Lady Claire under low P conditions, attributed to higher P and sugar levels in roots, enhancing root growth, P uptake, and translocation to shoots, particularly to young leaves.”
t0“potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Lady Claire showed a notable increase in phosphorus uptake under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Lady Clairee0
- Outcome
- P uptakee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- under low P levels (P0.5 and P2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, Lady Claire demonstrated a notable increase in P uptake and enhanced responsiveness to B. subtilis inoculation, particularly under low P levels (P0.5 and P2).”
t0“potato”
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