Abstract
Ammonium ( $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ ) toxicity adversely affects the basil growth ability and productivity. Biochar amendment is an alternative that used to minimize or reverse the disturbances caused by abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the mitigating effect of biochar on the $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ -stressed basil. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate whether biochar amendment could alleviate the $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ toxicity and determine how biochar helps reduce this degree. To this end, the basil plants were cultivated in a controlled environment (24°C/18°C, 14 h/10 h) and subjected to one of three $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ : $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ ratios (0 : 100, 50 : 50, and 100 : 0) at a constant N of 13 meq/L, corresponding with biochar treatments (3%, w/w) or without biochar. Chlorosis, stunted growth, and even foliage necrosis, were observed when the basil plants treated with 100% $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ nutrition. Concomitantly, interrupted photosynthesis and oxidative damage were also imposed by high $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ supply. By contrast, the presence of biochar significantly attenuated the $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ toxicity and, accordingly the growth was considerably improved for all three treatments. Additionally, biochar-amended basil plants showed significant increased photosynthesis-related parameters (net photosynthesis, the stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, and water use efficiency) and the antioxidative machinery (improved antioxidant enzymes and declined ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation). Overall, our data enlightened the fertilization importance of biochar amendment, particularly pertaining to the basil plants at risk of $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ stresses.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Full ammonium nutrition caused chlorosis, stunted growth, and foliage necrosis in basil.
- Taxon
- basil
Ocimum basilicume0 - Treatment
- 100% $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ nutritione0
- Outcome
- Chlorosis, stunted growth, and even foliage necrosise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorosis, stunted growth, and even foliage necrosis, were observed when the basil plants treated with 100% $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ nutrition.”
Claim · model-written summary
High ammonium supply interrupted photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- high $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ supplye0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- interruptede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interrupted photosynthesis and oxidative damage were also imposed by high $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ supply.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
High ammonium supply imposed oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- high $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ supplye0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interrupted photosynthesis and oxidative damage were also imposed by high $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ supply.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar attenuated ammonium toxicity.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ toxicitye0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the presence of biochar significantly attenuated the $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ toxicity and, accordingly the growth was considerably improved for all three treatments.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar considerably improved basil growth across all three ammonium treatments.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- for all three treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the presence of biochar significantly attenuated the $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ toxicity and, accordingly the growth was considerably improved for all three treatments.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- biochar-amendede0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis, the stomatal conductance, transpiration ratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar-amended basil plants showed significant increased photosynthesis-related parameters (net photosynthesis, the stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, and water use efficiency)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- biochar-amendede0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar-amended basil plants showed significant increased photosynthesis-related parameters (net photosynthesis, the stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, and water use efficiency)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Biochart0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the antioxidative machinery (improved antioxidant enzymes and declined ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation).”
t0“Biochar Mitigates the Ammonium Toxicity in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Biochart0
- Outcome
- ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the antioxidative machinery (improved antioxidant enzymes and declined ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation).”
t0“Biochar Mitigates the Ammonium Toxicity in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Plants”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.