Abstract
Cotton is a vital cash crop in the agricultural economy. Many abiotic stresses and pathogenic diseases reduce cotton yield, with cotton wilt being a major threat caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (FOV). In the present study, the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma harzianum, along with its extracted volatile and non-volatile compounds, was evaluated against FOV. In a dual culture assay, T. harzianum showed 71.4% inhibition of FOV. The volatile compounds extracted from T. harzianum showed 54.9% inhibition of FOV, while the non-volatile compounds reduced the growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum by 64.21%. The evaluation of vegetative traits of cotton plants indicated increased biomass when treated with T. harzianum. The activity of antioxidant defense enzymes Catalase activity (CAT), Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and Peroxidase activity (POX) was highest in cotton plants treated with both T. harzianum and F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum, indicating an activation of the plant defense mechanisms in response to these treatments. Protein content, Malondialdehyde Content (MDA), proline content, electrolyte leakage, and H2O2 content, which are stress markers, were at their maximum under F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum stress. Physiological features, including stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll value, and relative water content, were highest in plants treated with T. harzianum, as T. harzianum improves and boosts plant growth. Hence, T. harzianum is an effective biological control agent against FOV.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum inhibited FOV by 71.4% in dual culture.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Interactor
- FOVe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- inhibition of FOVe0
- Value
- 71.4%e0
- Setting
- dual culture assaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“In a dual culture assay, T. harzianum showed 71.4% inhibition of FOV.”
Claim · model-written summary
volatile compounds extracted from T. harzianum inhibited fungal growth by 54.9%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- volatile compounds extracted from T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- FOVe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibition of FOVe0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 54.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“The volatile compounds extracted from T. harzianum showed 54.9% inhibition of FOV”
Claim · model-written summary
non-volatile compounds inhibited fungal growth by 64.21%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- non-volatile compoundse0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectumFusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectume0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectume0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 64.21%e0
Not reportedSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“the non-volatile compounds reduced the growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum by 64.21%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton biomass increased with T. harzianum treatment.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- treated with T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The evaluation of vegetative traits of cotton plants indicated increased biomass when treated with T. harzianum.”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT, SOD and POX activities were highest in cotton receiving both fungi.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- treated with both T. harzianum and F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectume0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectumFusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- Catalase activity (CAT)e0
- Outcome
- Catalase activity (CAT), Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and Peroxidase activity (POX)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity of antioxidant defense enzymes Catalase activity (CAT), Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and Peroxidase activity (POX) was highest in cotton plants treated with both T. harzianum and F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content, Malondialdehyde Content (MDA), proline content reached maximum under fungal stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum stresse0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectumFusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Protein content, Malondialdehyde Content (MDA), proline contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Protein content, Malondialdehyde Content (MDA), proline content, electrolyte leakage, and H2O2 content, which are stress markers, were at their maximum under F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
electrolyte leakage, and H2O2 content reached maximum under fungal stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum stresse0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectumFusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectume0pathogen
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage, and H2O2 contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Protein content, Malondialdehyde Content (MDA), proline content, electrolyte leakage, and H2O2 content, which are stress markers, were at their maximum under F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate were highest with T. harzianum.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- treated with T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, photosynthesis ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Physiological features, including stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll value, and relative water content, were highest in plants treated with T. harzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll value, and relative water content were highest with T. harzianum.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- treated with T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll value, and relative water contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Physiological features, including stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll value, and relative water content, were highest in plants treated with T. harzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude T. harzianum is effective against FOV.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Interactor
- FOVe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- effective biological control agent against FOVe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Hence, T. harzianum is an effective biological control agent against FOV.”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma harzianum · physiology: photosynthesis · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Trichoderma harzianum · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Trichoderma harzianum · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Trichoderma harzianum · disease · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.