Abstract
The soil water and nitrogen (N) levels are the important factors affecting turfgrass growth. However, the impact of the water–N interaction on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) in terms of the N metabolism and plant morphology remains uncertain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of different N and water levels on the physiological and morphological responses of tall fescue. The experiment was designed with N (N0, N2, and N4 representing N application rates of 0, 2, and 4 g m–2, respectively) and irrigation [W1, W2, W3, W4, and W5 representing field water capacities (FWCs) of 90~100%, 75~85%, 60~70%, 45~55%, and 30~40%, respectively] treatments, and the relevant indexes of the soil water content and soil NH4+–N and NO3−–N levels as well as the physiology and morphology of the tall fescue were determined. The results demonstrated significant changes in the contents of soil water (SWC) and N and the physiological and morphological indexes, except for the enzymes related to N metabolism, including nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and glutamate synthetase (GOGAT). The water stress significantly enhanced the water and N use efficiencies (WUE and NUE), except the NUE in the W5 treatment. The N stress significantly influenced the SWC, soil NO3−–N content, and physiological and morphological indexes, excluding malondialdehyde, NiR, GOGAT, and above- (AGB) and below-ground biomass, resulting in the increased WUE and NUE. The application of a low N rate effectively alleviated the detrimental impacts of water stress on the SWC and glutamine synthetase activity. In conclusion, W2 and N2 are deemed more appropriate treatments for the low-maintenance measures of tall fescue turf. Among all the treatments, N2W2 is recommended as the optimal water–N interaction treatment due to its ability to conserve resources while still ensuring high turf quality.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Water and N treatments changed soil water and nitrogen contents and plant indexes, except N metabolism enzymes.
- Taxon
- tall fescue
Lolium arundinaceume1 - Outcome
- physiological and morphological indexese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant changes in the contents of soil water (SWC) and N and the physiological and morphological indexes, except for the enzymes related to N metabolism, including nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and glutamate synthetase (GOGAT)”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress increased water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume1
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- water and N use efficiencies (WUE and NUE)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water stress significantly enhanced the water and N use efficiencies (WUE and NUE), except the NUE in the W5 treatment.”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress increased nitrogen use efficiency except under W5.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume1
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- N use efficiencies (WUE and NUE)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- except the NUE in the W5 treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water stress significantly enhanced the water and N use efficiencies (WUE and NUE), except the NUE in the W5 treatment.”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb)”
Claim · model-written summary
N stress changed soil water, nitrate and plant indexes, with stated exceptions.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume1
- Outcome
- physiological and morphological indexese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N stress significantly influenced the SWC, soil NO3−–N content, and physiological and morphological indexes, excluding malondialdehyde, NiR, GOGAT, and above- (AGB) and below-ground biomass”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb)”
Claim · model-written summary
N stress increased water and nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume2
- Treatment
- N stresse1
- Outcome
- WUE and NUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in the increased WUE and NUE”
e1“The N stress significantly influenced”
e2“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low N rate alleviated water stress effects on soil water and glutamine synthetase.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume1
- Treatment
- a low N ratee0
- Outcome
- SWC and glutamine synthetase activitye0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of a low N rate effectively alleviated the detrimental impacts of water stress on the SWC and glutamine synthetase activity.”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb)”
Claim · model-written summary
W2 and N2 were deemed appropriate low-maintenance treatments.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume1
- Outcome
- more appropriate treatments for the low-maintenance measurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W2 and N2 are deemed more appropriate treatments for the low-maintenance measures of tall fescue turf.”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb)”
Claim · model-written summary
N2W2 was recommended as optimal for resource conservation and high turf quality.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume1
- Outcome
- optimal water–N interaction treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N2W2 is recommended as the optimal water–N interaction treatment due to its ability to conserve resources while still ensuring high turf quality.”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb)”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: water · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.