Abstract
A purple-pigmented (purple) rice seeds containing an anthocyanin, a major class of flavonoids, and their isogenic non-pigmented (white) seeds were exposed outside of the international space station (ISS) to evaluate the impact of anthocyanin on seed viability in space. The rice seeds were placed in sample plates at the exposed facility of ISS for 440 days, with the bottom layer seeds exposed to space radiation and the top layer seeds exposed to both solar light and space radiation. Though the seed weight of both purple and white seeds decreased after exposure to outer space, growth percentages after germination of purple and white seeds in the top layer were 55 and 15 %, respectively, compared to those in the bottom layer 100 and 70 %, respectively. RNA analysis revealed that 1,590 and 1,546 seed-stored mRNAs (long-lived mRNAs) were degraded in the white seeds of the top and the bottom layers, respectively, whereas those of the purple seeds in the top and bottom layers were 548 and 303, respectively. These results suggest that anthocyanin protected seeds and safeguarded long-lived mRNAs from solar light and space radiation to increase the seed viability.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Top-layer purple rice seeds reached lower post-germination growth than bottom-layer purple seeds.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- purplee1
- Treatment
- solar light and space radiatione5
- Outcome
- growth percentages after germinatione1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Comparator
- bottom layere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anthocyanin can improve the survival of rice seeds from solar light outside the international space station”
e1“growth percentages after germination of purple and white seeds in the top layer were 55 and 15 %, respectively, compared to those in the bottom layer 100 and 70 %, respectively”
e5“the top layer seeds exposed to both solar light and space radiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Top-layer white rice seeds reached lower post-germination growth than bottom-layer white seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- whitee1
- Treatment
- solar light and space radiatione5
- Outcome
- growth percentages after germinatione1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Comparator
- bottom layere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anthocyanin can improve the survival of rice seeds from solar light outside the international space station”
e1“growth percentages after germination of purple and white seeds in the top layer were 55 and 15 %, respectively, compared to those in the bottom layer 100 and 70 %, respectively”
e5“the top layer seeds exposed to both solar light and space radiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Fewer long-lived mRNAs were degraded in purple rice seeds than in white seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- purple seedse2
- Outcome
- seed-stored mRNAs (long-lived mRNAs)e2
- Direction
- lowerinferrede2
- Comparator
- white seedse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anthocyanin can improve the survival of rice seeds from solar light outside the international space station”
e2“1,590 and 1,546 seed-stored mRNAs (long-lived mRNAs) were degraded in the white seeds of the top and the bottom layers, respectively, whereas those of the purple seeds in the top and bottom layers were 548 and 303, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-lived mRNAs were degraded in white rice seeds, in 1,590 and 1,546 cases in the top and bottom layers.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- white seedse2
- Outcome
- seed-stored mRNAs (long-lived mRNAs)e2
- Direction
- degradede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anthocyanin can improve the survival of rice seeds from solar light outside the international space station”
e2“1,590 and 1,546 seed-stored mRNAs (long-lived mRNAs) were degraded in the white seeds of the top and the bottom layers, respectively, whereas those of the purple seeds in the top and bottom layers were 548 and 303, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin is suggested to protect seeds and safeguard long-lived mRNAs from solar light and space radiation, increasing seed viability.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- anthocyanine3
- Outcome
- seed viabilitye3
- Qualifier
- safeguarded long-lived mRNAse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anthocyanin can improve the survival of rice seeds from solar light outside the international space station”
e3“These results suggest that anthocyanin protected seeds and safeguarded long-lived mRNAs from solar light and space radiation to increase the seed viability”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed weight of both purple and white rice seeds decreased after exposure to outer space.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- purple and white seedse4
- Treatment
- exposure to outer spacee4
- Outcome
- seed weighte4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Anthocyanin can improve the survival of rice seeds from solar light outside the international space station”
e4“the seed weight of both purple and white seeds decreased after exposure to outer space”
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