Abstract
Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S., and improved lighting control in greenhouses holds the potential to reduce crop production time and optimize crop quality. This study investigated the impact of four distinct daily light integral (DLI) conditions with and without supplemental far-red (FR) radiation on the growth of petunia liners and subsequent development of finish plants. Two experiments were conducted in spring (9 April to 18 June 2021) and winter (28 October 2021 to 6 January 2022). Petunia cuttings were rooted in a common environment and then transferred to four greenhouse sections with different DLI treatments: 6, 9, 12, and 15 mol·m−2·d−1 for four weeks. Within each DLI condition, half of the plants were exposed to 28 μmol·m−2·s−1 supplemental FR radiation for 16 h daily (equivalent to 1.61 mol·m−2·d−1 light integral). The number of flower buds and open flowers were tracked daily. Representative liners were destructively harvested and evaluated after four weeks of lighting treatments. The remaining plants were transplanted and moved to a common DLI condition of 15 mol·m−2·d−1 for an additional three weeks before being destructively harvested and evaluated as finish plants. The primary finding reveals the promoting effect of DLI on flowering, branching, morphology, and biomass accumulation of petunia liners, with many effects persisting into the finish stage. A threshold DLI of 9 mol·m−2·d−1 was identified, as lower DLI (6 mol·m−2·d−1) resulted in extensive stem elongation, rendering the plants unmarketable. Higher DLI levels were found to be optimal in terms of flowering and morphology. Supplemental FR accelerated flowering by up to three days in the summer experiment and up to 12 days in the winter experiment. However, FR had limited impact on the number of flower buds and open flowers, branching, and shoot and root weight of the finish plants. Interactions between DLI and FR were observed on some parameters, whereby FR effects were more pronounced under lower DLI. Overall, both higher DLI and supplemental FR exhibited beneficial effects, but DLI had a more pronounced effect. Thus, DLI during petunia liner production appears more important than adding FR. This study well simulated the commercial propagation and production of petunia plants, providing practical insights for decision-making regarding lighting strategies.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
DLI promoted flowering, branching and morphology of petunia liners.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PetuniaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S.”
e1“The primary finding reveals the promoting effect of DLI on flowering, branching, morphology, and biomass accumulation of petunia liners”
Claim · model-written summary
DLI promoted biomass accumulation of petunia liners.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S.”
e1“The primary finding reveals the promoting effect of DLI on flowering, branching, morphology, and biomass accumulation of petunia liners”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower DLI of 6 mol·m−2·d−1 caused extensive stem elongation, rendering petunia unmarketable, compared with the threshold DLI of 9 mol·m−2·d−1.
- Treatment
- lower DLI (6 mol·m−2·d−1)e2
- Outcome
- stem elongatione2
- Direction
- resulted ine2
- Qualifier
- rendering the plants unmarketablee2
- Comparator
- threshold DLI of 9 mol·m−2·d−1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S.”
e2“A threshold DLI of 9 mol·m−2·d−1 was identified, as lower DLI (6 mol·m−2·d−1) resulted in extensive stem elongation, rendering the plants unmarketable”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher DLI levels were optimal for flowering and morphology of petunia.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S.”
e3“Higher DLI levels were found to be optimal in terms of flowering and morphology”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental far-red accelerated petunia flowering by up to three days in the summer experiment.
- Treatment
- Supplemental FRe4
- Outcome
- floweringe4
- Direction
- acceleratede4
- Value
- up to three dayse4
- Qualifier
- in the summer experimente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S.”
e4“Supplemental FR accelerated flowering by up to three days in the summer experiment and up to 12 days in the winter experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental far-red accelerated petunia flowering by up to 12 days in the winter experiment.
- Treatment
- Supplemental FRe4
- Outcome
- floweringe4
- Direction
- acceleratede4
- Value
- up to 12 dayse4
- Qualifier
- in the winter experimente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S.”
e4“Supplemental FR accelerated flowering by up to three days in the summer experiment and up to 12 days in the winter experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental far-red had limited impact on flower buds, open flowers and branching of finish petunia plants.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S.”
e5“FR had limited impact on the number of flower buds and open flowers, branching, and shoot and root weight of the finish plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental far-red had limited impact on shoot and root weight of finish petunia plants.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S.”
e5“FR had limited impact on the number of flower buds and open flowers, branching, and shoot and root weight of the finish plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red effects on petunia were more pronounced under lower DLI.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S.”
e6“Interactions between DLI and FR were observed on some parameters, whereby FR effects were more pronounced under lower DLI”
Claim · model-written summary
Both higher DLI and supplemental far-red had beneficial effects on petunia, with DLI having the larger effect.
- Treatment
- higher DLI and supplemental FRe7
- Outcome
- beneficial effectse7
- Direction
- exhibitede7
- Qualifier
- DLI had a more pronounced effecte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S.”
e7“Overall, both higher DLI and supplemental FR exhibited beneficial effects, but DLI had a more pronounced effect”
Claim · model-written summary
DLI during petunia liner production is more important than adding far-red radiation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S.”
e7“Thus, DLI during petunia liner production appears more important than adding FR”
The same questions in other papers
light · growth · Petunia (petunia)Positive and negative results
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