Abstract
Water scarcity leads to significant ecological challenges for global farming production. Sustainable agriculture depends on developing strategies to overcome the impacts of drought on important crops, including soybean. In this present study, seven promising soybean genotypes were evaluated for their drought tolerance potential by exposing them to water deficit conditions. The control group was maintained at 100% field capacity (FC), while the drought-treated group was maintained at 50% FC on a volume/weight basis. This treatment was applied at the second trifoliate leaf stage and continued until maturity. Our results demonstrated that water shortage exerted negative impacts on soybean phenotypic traits, physiological and biochemical mechanisms, and yield output in comparison with normal conditions. Our results showed that genotype G00001 exhibited the highest leaf area plant−1 (483.70 cm2), photosynthetic attributes like stomatal conductance (gs) (0.15 mol H2O m−2 s−1) and photosynthetic rate (Pn) (13.73 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1), and xylem exudation rate (0.25 g h−1) under drought conditions. The G00001 genotype showed greater leaf greenness by preserving photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophylls (Chls) and carotenoids; 4.23 and 7.34 mg g−1 FW, respectively) in response to drought conditions. Soybean plants accumulated high levels of stress indicators like proline and malondialdehyde when subjected to drought stress. However, genotype G00001 displayed lower levels of proline (4.49 μg g−1 FW) and malondialdehyde (3.70 μmol g−1 FW), indicating that this genotype suffered from less oxidative stress induced by drought stress compared to the other investigated soybean genotypes. Eventually, the G00001 genotype had a greater yield in terms of seeds pod−1 (SP) (1.90) and 100-seed weight (HSW) (14.60 g) under drought conditions. On the other hand, BD2333 exhibited the largest decrease in plant height (37.10%), pod number plant−1 (85.90%), SP (56.20%), HSW (54.20%), gs (90.50%), Pn (71.00%), transpiration rate (59.40%), relative water content (34.40%), Chl a (79.50%), total Chls (72.70%), and carotenoids (56.70%), along with the maximum increase in water saturation deficit (290.40%) and malondialdehyde content (280.30%) under drought compared to control conditions, indicating its higher sensitivity to drought stress. Our findings suggest that G00001 is a promising candidate to consider for field trials and further evaluation of its molecular signature may help breeding other elite cultivars to develop drought-tolerant, high-yielding soybean varieties.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 had the highest leaf area per plant (483.70 cm2) under drought.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt1 - Material
- G00001e1
- Outcome
- leaf area plant−1e1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 483.70 cm2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“genotype G00001 exhibited the highest leaf area plant−1 (483.70 cm2), photosynthetic attributes like stomatal conductance (gs) (0.15 mol H2O m−2 s−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 had the highest stomatal conductance (0.15 mol H2O m−2 s−1) under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- G00001e1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (gs)e1
- Value
- 0.15 mol H2O m−2 s−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“genotype G00001 exhibited the highest leaf area plant−1 (483.70 cm2), photosynthetic attributes like stomatal conductance (gs) (0.15 mol H2O m−2 s−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 had the highest photosynthetic rate (13.73 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- G00001e1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate (Pn)e1
- Value
- 13.73 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“genotype G00001 exhibited the highest leaf area plant−1 (483.70 cm2), photosynthetic attributes like stomatal conductance (gs) (0.15 mol H2O m−2 s−1) and photosynthetic rate (Pn) (13.73 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 had a xylem exudation rate of 0.25 g h−1 under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- G00001e1
- Treatment
- drought conditionse1
- Outcome
- xylem exudation ratee1
- Value
- 0.25 g h−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“genotype G00001 exhibited the highest leaf area plant−1 (483.70 cm2), photosynthetic attributes like stomatal conductance (gs) (0.15 mol H2O m−2 s−1) and photosynthetic rate (Pn) (13.73 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1), and xylem exudation rate (0.25 g h−1) under drought conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 showed greater leaf greenness under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- G00001e1
- Treatment
- drought conditionse1
- Outcome
- leaf greennesse1
- Direction
- greatere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“The G00001 genotype showed greater leaf greenness by preserving photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophylls (Chls) and carotenoids; 4.23 and 7.34 mg g−1 FW, respectively) in response to drought conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 retained total chlorophylls and carotenoids of 4.23 and 7.34 mg g−1 FW under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- G00001e1
- Outcome
- total chlorophylls (Chls) and carotenoidse1
- Value
- 4.23 and 7.34 mg g−1 FWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“The G00001 genotype showed greater leaf greenness by preserving photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophylls (Chls) and carotenoids; 4.23 and 7.34 mg g−1 FW, respectively) in response to drought conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 had a greater seeds per pod (1.90) under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- G00001e1
- Treatment
- drought conditionse1
- Outcome
- seeds pod−1 (SP)e1
- Direction
- greater yielde1
- Value
- 1.90e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“the G00001 genotype had a greater yield in terms of seeds pod−1 (SP) (1.90) and 100-seed weight (HSW) (14.60 g) under drought conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 had a greater 100-seed weight (14.60 g) under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- G00001e1
- Treatment
- drought conditionse1
- Outcome
- 100-seed weight (HSW)e1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 14.60 ge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“the G00001 genotype had a greater yield in terms of seeds pod−1 (SP) (1.90) and 100-seed weight (HSW) (14.60 g) under drought conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 had lower proline (4.49 μg g−1 FW) under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- G00001e1
- Outcome
- prolinee1
- Direction
- lower levelse1
- Value
- 4.49 μg g−1 FWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“genotype G00001 displayed lower levels of proline (4.49 μg g−1 FW) and malondialdehyde (3.70 μmol g−1 FW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 had lower malondialdehyde (3.70 μmol g−1 FW) under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- G00001e1
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee1
- Direction
- lower levelse1
- Value
- 3.70 μmol g−1 FWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“genotype G00001 displayed lower levels of proline (4.49 μg g−1 FW) and malondialdehyde (3.70 μmol g−1 FW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 appears to have suffered less oxidative stress under drought than the other soybean genotypes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- the other investigated soybean genotypese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“indicating that this genotype suffered from less oxidative stress induced by drought stress compared to the other investigated soybean genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean plants accumulated high levels of proline and malondialdehyde under drought stress.
- Taxon
- Soybean plantsGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- stress indicators like proline and malondialdehydee1
- Direction
- accumulated high levelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soybean plants accumulated high levels of stress indicators like proline and malondialdehyde when subjected to drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Water shortage had negative impacts on soybean phenotypic traits, physiological and biochemical mechanisms, and yield output compared with normal conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- water shortagee1
- Outcome
- phenotypic traits, physiological and biochemical mechanisms, and yield outpute1
- Direction
- negative impactse1
- Comparator
- normal conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“water shortage exerted negative impacts on soybean phenotypic traits, physiological and biochemical mechanisms, and yield output in comparison with normal conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G00001 is a promising candidate to consider for field trials.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- G00001e1
- Outcome
- consider for field trialse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“G00001 is a promising candidate to consider for field trials”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype BD2333 had the largest decrease in plant height (37.10%) under drought compared with control conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- BD2333e1
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- largest decreasee1
- Value
- 37.10%e1
- Comparator
- control conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“BD2333 exhibited the largest decrease in plant height (37.10%), pod number plant−1 (85.90%), SP (56.20%), HSW (54.20%), gs (90.50%), Pn (71.00%), transpiration rate (59.40%), relative water content (34.40%), Chl a (79.50%), total Chls (72.70%), and carotenoids (56.70%), along with the maximum increase in water saturation deficit (290.40%) and malondialdehyde content (280.30%) under drought compared to control conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype BD2333 had the largest decrease in pod number per plant (85.90%) under drought compared with control conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- BD2333e1
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- pod number plant−1e1
- Direction
- largest decreasee1
- Value
- 85.90%e1
- Comparator
- control conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“BD2333 exhibited the largest decrease in plant height (37.10%), pod number plant−1 (85.90%), SP (56.20%), HSW (54.20%), gs (90.50%), Pn (71.00%), transpiration rate (59.40%), relative water content (34.40%), Chl a (79.50%), total Chls (72.70%), and carotenoids (56.70%), along with the maximum increase in water saturation deficit (290.40%) and malondialdehyde content (280.30%) under drought compared to control conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype BD2333 had the largest decrease in seeds per pod (56.20%) under drought compared with control conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- BD2333e1
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- SPe1
- Direction
- largest decreasee1
- Value
- 56.20%e1
- Comparator
- control conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“BD2333 exhibited the largest decrease in plant height (37.10%), pod number plant−1 (85.90%), SP (56.20%), HSW (54.20%), gs (90.50%), Pn (71.00%), transpiration rate (59.40%), relative water content (34.40%), Chl a (79.50%), total Chls (72.70%), and carotenoids (56.70%), along with the maximum increase in water saturation deficit (290.40%) and malondialdehyde content (280.30%) under drought compared to control conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype BD2333 had the largest decrease in stomatal conductance (90.50%) under drought compared with control conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- BD2333e1
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- gse1
- Direction
- largest decreasee1
- Value
- 90.50%e1
- Comparator
- control conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“BD2333 exhibited the largest decrease in plant height (37.10%), pod number plant−1 (85.90%), SP (56.20%), HSW (54.20%), gs (90.50%), Pn (71.00%), transpiration rate (59.40%), relative water content (34.40%), Chl a (79.50%), total Chls (72.70%), and carotenoids (56.70%), along with the maximum increase in water saturation deficit (290.40%) and malondialdehyde content (280.30%) under drought compared to control conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype BD2333 had the maximum increase in malondialdehyde content (280.30%) under drought compared with control conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- BD2333e1
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente1
- Direction
- maximum increasee1
- Value
- 280.30%e1
- Comparator
- control conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“BD2333 exhibited the largest decrease in plant height (37.10%), pod number plant−1 (85.90%), SP (56.20%), HSW (54.20%), gs (90.50%), Pn (71.00%), transpiration rate (59.40%), relative water content (34.40%), Chl a (79.50%), total Chls (72.70%), and carotenoids (56.70%), along with the maximum increase in water saturation deficit (290.40%) and malondialdehyde content (280.30%) under drought compared to control conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype BD2333 had the largest decrease in 100-seed weight (54.20%) under drought compared with control conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Material
- BD2333e1
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- HSWe1
- Direction
- largest decreasee1
- Value
- 54.20%e1
- Comparator
- control conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Soybean Genotypes”
e1“BD2333 exhibited the largest decrease in plant height (37.10%), pod number plant−1 (85.90%), SP (56.20%), HSW (54.20%), gs (90.50%), Pn (71.00%), transpiration rate (59.40%), relative water content (34.40%), Chl a (79.50%), total Chls (72.70%), and carotenoids (56.70%), along with the maximum increase in water saturation deficit (290.40%) and malondialdehyde content (280.30%) under drought compared to control conditions”
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