Abstract
Chiliadenus montanus (Vahl.)Brullo is a wild herb that grows in narrow parts of Jordan and is locally named Hneedeh.Despite being used for treating mild abdominal and respiratory ailments, Hneedeh is still locally known on a very small scale, and its healing capabilities are still waiting for a solid scientific justification.No previous studies were made to explore the antibacterial potential of Jordanian Hneedeh as well as its chemical composition despite being researched by scientists from neighboring countries.For this reason, this research aimed to unveil the active compounds behind the medicinal properties of wild C. montanus collected from Garissa-Jordan by analyzing the essential oil using the GC MS system.Also, the antibacterial activity was explored in two extracts (methanolic and ethanolic) collected from the succulent branches of C. montanus was examined using Microdilution and Disc Diffusion Assays.Data revealed the presence of 23 compounds grouped into eight classes and oxygenated monoterpenes were the predominant class (40.36%).Terpinen-4-ol, which is known for its super curative antibacterial and antitumoral powers, was indicated to be the major chemical compound in the essential oil of Hneedeh as it comprised (23.3%) of the essential oil, which disagreed with other previous studies made on the same plants growing in neighboring counties.Moreover, both extract types restricted growth in most tested bacterial types.The results recorded in the Microdilution Assay showed that the inhibitory effect of both extract types was stronger thanthose obtained in the antibiotic treatment (control) in E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Meanwhile, both methanolic and ethanolic extracts were as effective as the antibiotic when administrated to Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella sp. at similar minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values.Moreover, Disc Diffusion Assay showed that both extract types could prevent the development of six bacteria types while no effect was recorded in Klebsiella pneumoniae.However, E coli bacteria was the most affected strain.The presence of the oxygenated monoterpenes, especially Terpinen-4-ol at premium levels, might be the causal agent behind the remarkable antibacterial powers of C. montanus extract.To our knowledge, this is the first time that C. montanuswhich grows wild in the village of Ghareesa is reported to containTerpinen-4-ol as the main active ingredient, which is unlike results reported in other studies conducted on similar plant species growing in other countries.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
The analyzed oil contained 23 compounds in eight classes.
- Taxon
- Chiliadenus montanusChiliadenus montanust0
- Outcome
- compoundse0
- Value
- 23e0
- Qualifier
- eight classese0
Verbatim
e0“Data revealed the presence of 23 compounds grouped into eight classes”
t0“Chiliadenus montanus”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxygenated monoterpenes predominated at 40.36%.
- Taxon
- Chiliadenus montanusChiliadenus montanust0
- Outcome
- oxygenated monoterpenese0
- Direction
- predominante0
- Value
- 40.36%e0
Verbatim
e0“oxygenated monoterpenes were the predominant class (40.36%).”
t0“Chiliadenus montanus”
Claim · model-written summary
Terpinen-4-ol was the major oil compound at 23.3%, differing from previous neighboring-country studies.
Verbatim
e0“Terpinen-4-ol, which is known for its super curative antibacterial and antitumoral powers, was indicated to be the major chemical compound in the essential oil of Hneedeh as it comprised (23.3%) of the essential oil, which disagreed with other previous studies made on the same plants growing in neighboring counties.”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanolic extract restricted most tested bacterial types.
- Taxon
- bacterial typese0
- Treatment
- methanolice1
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- restrictede0
- Qualifier
- most tested bacterial typese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, both extract types restricted growth in most tested bacterial types.”
e1“two extracts (methanolic and ethanolic)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract restricted most tested bacterial types.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, both extract types restricted growth in most tested bacterial types.”
e1“two extracts (methanolic and ethanolic)”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanolic extract inhibition of E. coli exceeded antibiotic control in microdilution.
- Taxon
- E. coli
.jpg?width=60)
Escherichia colie0 - Treatment
- methanolice1
- Outcome
- inhibitory effecte0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Qualifier
- Microdilution Assaye0
- Comparator
- antibiotic treatment (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The results recorded in the Microdilution Assay showed that the inhibitory effect of both extract types was stronger thanthose obtained in the antibiotic treatment (control) in E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus.”
e1“two extracts (methanolic and ethanolic)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract inhibition of E. coli exceeded antibiotic control in microdilution.
- Taxon
- E. coliEscherichia colie0
- Treatment
- ethanolice1
- Outcome
- inhibitory effecte0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- antibiotic treatment (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results recorded in the Microdilution Assay showed that the inhibitory effect of both extract types was stronger thanthose obtained in the antibiotic treatment (control) in E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus.”
e1“two extracts (methanolic and ethanolic)”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanolic extract inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus exceeded antibiotic control.
- Taxon
- Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureuse0 - Treatment
- methanolice1
- Outcome
- inhibitory effecte0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- antibiotic treatment (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results recorded in the Microdilution Assay showed that the inhibitory effect of both extract types was stronger thanthose obtained in the antibiotic treatment (control) in E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus.”
e1“two extracts (methanolic and ethanolic)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus exceeded antibiotic control.
- Taxon
- Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureuse0
- Treatment
- ethanolice1
- Outcome
- inhibitory effecte0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- antibiotic treatment (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results recorded in the Microdilution Assay showed that the inhibitory effect of both extract types was stronger thanthose obtained in the antibiotic treatment (control) in E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus.”
e1“two extracts (methanolic and ethanolic)”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanolic extract was as effective as antibiotic against Bacillus subtilis at similar MIC values.
- Taxon
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0 - Treatment
- methanolice0
- Outcome
- minimal inhibition concentration (MIC)e0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- antibiotice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meanwhile, both methanolic and ethanolic extracts were as effective as the antibiotic when administrated to Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella sp. at similar minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract was as effective as antibiotic against Bacillus subtilis at similar MIC values.
- Taxon
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise0
- Treatment
- ethanolice0
- Outcome
- minimal inhibition concentration (MIC)e0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- antibiotice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meanwhile, both methanolic and ethanolic extracts were as effective as the antibiotic when administrated to Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella sp. at similar minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values.”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanolic extract was as effective as antibiotic against Salmonella sp. at similar MIC values.
- Taxon
- Salmonella sp.
Salmonellae0 - Treatment
- methanolice0
- Outcome
- minimal inhibition concentration (MIC)e0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- antibiotice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meanwhile, both methanolic and ethanolic extracts were as effective as the antibiotic when administrated to Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella sp. at similar minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract was as effective as antibiotic against Salmonella sp. at similar MIC values.
- Taxon
- Salmonella sp.Salmonellae0
- Treatment
- ethanolice0
- Outcome
- minimal inhibition concentration (MIC)e0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- antibiotice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meanwhile, both methanolic and ethanolic extracts were as effective as the antibiotic when administrated to Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella sp. at similar minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values.”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanolic extract prevented development of six bacterial types in disc diffusion.
- Taxon
- bacteria typese0
- Treatment
- methanolice1
- Outcome
- developmente0
- Direction
- prevente0
- Value
- sixe0
- Qualifier
- Disc Diffusion Assaye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, Disc Diffusion Assay showed that both extract types could prevent the development of six bacteria types while no effect was recorded in Klebsiella pneumoniae.”
e1“two extracts (methanolic and ethanolic)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract prevented development of six bacterial types in disc diffusion.
- Taxon
- bacteria typese0
- Treatment
- ethanolice1
- Outcome
- developmente0
- Direction
- prevente0
- Value
- sixe0
- Qualifier
- Disc Diffusion Assaye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, Disc Diffusion Assay showed that both extract types could prevent the development of six bacteria types while no effect was recorded in Klebsiella pneumoniae.”
e1“two extracts (methanolic and ethanolic)”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanolic extract had no effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae in disc diffusion.
- Taxon
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniaee0 - Treatment
- methanolice1
- Outcome
- developmente0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, Disc Diffusion Assay showed that both extract types could prevent the development of six bacteria types while no effect was recorded in Klebsiella pneumoniae.”
e1“two extracts (methanolic and ethanolic)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract had no effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae in disc diffusion.
- Taxon
- Klebsiella pneumoniaeKlebsiella pneumoniaee0
- Treatment
- ethanolice1
- Outcome
- developmente0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, Disc Diffusion Assay showed that both extract types could prevent the development of six bacteria types while no effect was recorded in Klebsiella pneumoniae.”
e1“two extracts (methanolic and ethanolic)”
Claim · model-written summary
E coli was the most affected strain in disc diffusion.
- Taxon
- E coliEscherichia colie0
- Outcome
- most affected straine0
- Direction
- most affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, E coli bacteria was the most affected strain.”
Claim · model-written summary
High oxygenated monoterpenes, especially Terpinen-4-ol, might explain C. montanus extract antibacterial activity.
- Taxon
- C. montanusChiliadenus montanuse0
- Compound
- oxygenated monoterpenes, especially Terpinen-4-ole0
- Outcome
- antibacterial powerse0
- Qualifier
- might be the causal agente0
Verbatim
e0“The presence of the oxygenated monoterpenes, especially Terpinen-4-ol at premium levels, might be the causal agent behind the remarkable antibacterial powers of C. montanus extract.”