Abstract
Despite quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) gaining international popularity in the early 21st century for its nutritional benefits, there remains a critical need to optimize its cultivation practices in arid regions. Current research often overlooks the combined effects of supplemental irrigation and foliar treatments on quinoa’s yield and water efficiency, particularly under challenging environmental conditions like those in Borg El-Arab, Egypt. Field studies were conducted in Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt, during the winter seasons of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 to determine the influence of supplemental irrigation (rainfed, 2000, and 4000 m3/hectare, respectively) and foliar spraying of sodium silicate (control, 200, and 400 ppm) on yield, yield components, seed quality, and water usage efficiency in quinoa cv. Chibaya grown in arid lands. Three replications were used in a split-plot design. The main plots were designated for irrigation, while the subplots were designated for foliar spraying. The results indicate that applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased leaf dry weight per plant by 23.5%, stem dry weight per plant by 18.7%, total dry weight per 25 plants by 21.4%, leaf area per plant by 19.2%, and straw yield by 26.8% compared to the control treatment. There were no significant differences between irrigation with the rate of 4000 m3 or 2000 m3/hectare on biological yield kg/hectare, N (%), P (mg/100 g), and protein (%). The utilization of sodium silicate had no significance on all studied features except for straw yield kg ha−1 at the rate of 200 or 400 ppm. The results regarding the RAPD1 primer revealed that the 2000+0 silicon treatment was the only treatment that resemble the control with no up- or downregulated fragment. Moreover, 20 upregulated fragments were observed in all treatments, while 19 DNA fragments were downregulated. Furthermore, the results obtained regarding the RAPD2 primer revealed that 53 fragments were upregulated and 19 downregulated. Additionally, the RAPD3 primer demonstrated that 40 DNA fragments were upregulated, whereas 18 downregulated DNA fragments were detected. It may be inferred that the application of irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3 ha−1 might serve as a supplemental irrigation method. Spraying sodium silicate at a 400 mg L−1 concentration could alleviate the dry climate on the Egyptian shore.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased leaf dry weight per plant by 23.5% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Quinoa
Chenopodium quinoat0 - Treatment
- applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectaree1
- Outcome
- leaf dry weight per plante1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 23.5%e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
- Setting
- Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e0“Field studies were conducted in Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt, during the winter seasons of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023”
e1“applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased leaf dry weight per plant by 23.5%, stem dry weight per plant by 18.7%, total dry weight per 25 plants by 21.4%, leaf area per plant by 19.2%, and straw yield by 26.8% compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased stem dry weight per plant by 18.7% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectaree1
- Outcome
- stem dry weight per plante1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 18.7%e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
- Setting
- Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e0“Field studies were conducted in Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt, during the winter seasons of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023”
e1“applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased leaf dry weight per plant by 23.5%, stem dry weight per plant by 18.7%, total dry weight per 25 plants by 21.4%, leaf area per plant by 19.2%, and straw yield by 26.8% compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased total dry weight per 25 plants by 21.4% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectaree1
- Outcome
- total dry weight per 25 plantse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 21.4%e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
- Setting
- Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e0“Field studies were conducted in Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt, during the winter seasons of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023”
e1“applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased leaf dry weight per plant by 23.5%, stem dry weight per plant by 18.7%, total dry weight per 25 plants by 21.4%, leaf area per plant by 19.2%, and straw yield by 26.8% compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased leaf area per plant by 19.2% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectaree1
- Outcome
- leaf area per plante1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 19.2%e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
- Setting
- Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e0“Field studies were conducted in Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt, during the winter seasons of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023”
e1“applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased leaf dry weight per plant by 23.5%, stem dry weight per plant by 18.7%, total dry weight per 25 plants by 21.4%, leaf area per plant by 19.2%, and straw yield by 26.8% compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased straw yield by 26.8% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectaree1
- Outcome
- straw yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 26.8%e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
- Setting
- Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e0“Field studies were conducted in Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt, during the winter seasons of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023”
e1“applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased leaf dry weight per plant by 23.5%, stem dry weight per plant by 18.7%, total dry weight per 25 plants by 21.4%, leaf area per plant by 19.2%, and straw yield by 26.8% compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 4000 versus 2000 m3/hectare did not significantly change biological yield, N and P content.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- irrigation with the rate of 4000 m3e2
- Outcome
- biological yield kg/hectare, N (%), P (mg/100 g)e2
- Comparator
- 2000 m3/hectaree2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e2“There were no significant differences between irrigation with the rate of 4000 m3 or 2000 m3/hectare on biological yield kg/hectare, N (%), P (mg/100 g), and protein (%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 4000 versus 2000 m3/hectare did not significantly change protein content.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- irrigation with the rate of 4000 m3e2
- Outcome
- protein (%)e2
- Comparator
- 2000 m3/hectaree2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e2“There were no significant differences between irrigation with the rate of 4000 m3 or 2000 m3/hectare on biological yield kg/hectare, N (%), P (mg/100 g), and protein (%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium silicate spraying had no significant effect on the studied features.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- sodium silicatee3
- Outcome
- all studied featurese3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e3“The utilization of sodium silicate had no significance on all studied features except for straw yield kg ha−1 at the rate of 200 or 400 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium silicate at 200 or 400 ppm significantly affected straw yield.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- at the rate of 200 or 400 ppme3
- Outcome
- straw yield kg ha−1e3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e3“The utilization of sodium silicate had no significance on all studied features except for straw yield kg ha−1 at the rate of 200 or 400 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
Only the 2000+0 silicon treatment resembled the control in RAPD fragment pattern, with no up- or downregulated fragment.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- 2000+0 silicone4
- Outcome
- up- or downregulated fragmente4
- Qualifier
- RAPD1 primere2
- Comparator
- controle4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e4“the 2000+0 silicon treatment was the only treatment that resemble the control with no up- or downregulated fragment”
e2“The results regarding the RAPD1 primer”
Claim · model-written summary
RAPD1 primer detected 20 upregulated fragments across all treatments.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- fragmentse5
- Direction
- upregulatede5
- Value
- 20e5
- Qualifier
- RAPD1 primere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e5“20 upregulated fragments were observed in all treatments, while 19 DNA fragments were downregulated”
e2“The results regarding the RAPD1 primer”
Claim · model-written summary
RAPD1 primer detected 19 downregulated DNA fragments.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- DNA fragmentse5
- Direction
- downregulatede5
- Value
- 19e5
- Qualifier
- RAPD1 primere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e5“20 upregulated fragments were observed in all treatments, while 19 DNA fragments were downregulated”
e2“The results regarding the RAPD1 primer”
Claim · model-written summary
RAPD2 primer detected 53 upregulated fragments.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- fragmentse6
- Direction
- upregulatede6
- Value
- 53e6
- Qualifier
- RAPD2 primere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e6“the results obtained regarding the RAPD2 primer revealed that 53 fragments were upregulated and 19 downregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
RAPD2 primer detected 19 downregulated fragments.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- fragmentse6
- Direction
- downregulatede6
- Value
- 19e6
- Qualifier
- RAPD2 primere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e6“the results obtained regarding the RAPD2 primer revealed that 53 fragments were upregulated and 19 downregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
RAPD3 primer detected 40 upregulated DNA fragments.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- DNA fragmentse7
- Direction
- upregulatede7
- Value
- 40e7
- Qualifier
- RAPD3 primere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e7“the RAPD3 primer demonstrated that 40 DNA fragments were upregulated, whereas 18 downregulated DNA fragments were detected”
Claim · model-written summary
RAPD3 primer detected 18 downregulated DNA fragments.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- DNA fragmentse7
- Direction
- downregulatede7
- Value
- 18e7
- Qualifier
- RAPD3 primere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e7“the RAPD3 primer demonstrated that 40 DNA fragments were upregulated, whereas 18 downregulated DNA fragments were detected”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 4000 m3/hectare might serve as a supplemental irrigation method for quinoa.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- application of irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3 ha−1e1
- Outcome
- supplemental irrigation methode1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e1“It may be inferred that the application of irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3 ha−1 might serve as a supplemental irrigation method”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying sodium silicate at 400 mg/L could alleviate the dry climate in the Egyptian shore area.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- Spraying sodium silicatee2
- Outcome
- alleviate the dry climatee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa Seed Yield”
e2“Spraying sodium silicate at a 400 mg L−1 concentration could alleviate the dry climate on the Egyptian shore”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · growth · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →irrigation · yield · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.