Abstract
Zinc deficiency is one of the most widespread nutritional problems, affecting nearly one-third of the world population. In addition, it is known that zinc deficiency not only reduces crop yield but also its quality. The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated. Zinc sulfate was applied in both soil and foliar methods. The zinc sulfate treatments include no zinc sulfate, soil application of 20, 40, and 60 kg ha−1 at the planting stage; spraying 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g L−1 in the rosette stage; and spraying 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g L−1 in the flowering stage. The end-season drought caused a decrease in the chlorophyll index, leaf area index, relative water content, plant height, yield components, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil content, oil harvest index, and seed element content compared to regular irrigation. The decrease in yield occurred with a decrease in the capitol number and diameter, seed number per capitol, and 1000-seed weight. The severity of the damage of the end-season drought stress in the second year was higher than in the first year due to the higher temperatures and the decrease in the rainfall. In both years, the application of zinc sulfate in different ways had an increasing effect on the studied traits in both normal and stress conditions. The application of zinc sulfate reduced the negative effects of unfavorable environmental conditions and improved the yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and iron element content in the seed. In both application methods of zinc sulfate, the increment in the zinc sulfate concentration decreased the seed phosphorus content. However, the phosphorous content was more than that of the treatment of non-zinc application. The application of zinc increased the biological, seed, and oil yield of the treated plants, but the seed and oil yield were more affected. This effect was shown in the seed and oil harvest index increment. Under regular irrigation, higher concentrations of zinc sulfate enhanced plant performance, but under stress conditions, medium and lower concentrations were more effective. The highest 1000-seed weight and potassium and zinc content were obtained by spraying zinc sulfate at 5 g L−1 in the flowering stage under normal irrigation conditions. A comparison of the two methods of applying zinc sulfate showed that foliar spraying was more effective than soil application in improving the seed yield. The soil application is more effective on biological yield than seed yield.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
End-season drought lowered chlorophyll index, leaf area index and relative water content.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The end-season drought caused a decrease in the chlorophyll index, leaf area index, relative water content, plant height, yield components, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil content, oil harvest index, and seed element content compared to regular irrigation”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
End-season drought lowered plant height and yield components.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The end-season drought caused a decrease in the chlorophyll index, leaf area index, relative water content, plant height, yield components, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil content, oil harvest index, and seed element content compared to regular irrigation”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
End-season drought lowered biological yield, seed yield and harvest index.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The end-season drought caused a decrease in the chlorophyll index, leaf area index, relative water content, plant height, yield components, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil content, oil harvest index, and seed element content compared to regular irrigation”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
End-season drought lowered seed oil content, oil harvest index and seed element content.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The end-season drought caused a decrease in the chlorophyll index, leaf area index, relative water content, plant height, yield components, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil content, oil harvest index, and seed element content compared to regular irrigation”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield decrease coincided with lower capitol number and diameter, seed number per capitol and 1000-seed weight.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The decrease in yield occurred with a decrease in the capitol number and diameter, seed number per capitol, and 1000-seed weight”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought damage was more severe in the second year than the first.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The severity of the damage of the end-season drought stress in the second year was higher than in the first year due to the higher temperatures and the decrease in the rainfall”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc sulfate increased studied traits in both years and irrigation conditions.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both years, the application of zinc sulfate in different ways had an increasing effect on the studied traits in both normal and stress conditions”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc sulfate improved yield and seed nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of zinc sulfate reduced the negative effects of unfavorable environmental conditions and improved the yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and iron element content in the seed”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc sulfate improved seed zinc and iron content.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of zinc sulfate reduced the negative effects of unfavorable environmental conditions and improved the yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and iron element content in the seed”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing zinc sulfate concentration lowered seed phosphorus content with both application methods.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both application methods of zinc sulfate, the increment in the zinc sulfate concentration decreased the seed phosphorus content”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed phosphorus content remained above the no-zinc treatment.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the phosphorous content was more than that of the treatment of non-zinc application”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc increased biological, seed and oil yield.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of zinc increased the biological, seed, and oil yield of the treated plants”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed and oil yield responded more strongly to zinc than biological yield.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the seed and oil yield were more affected”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc increased seed and oil harvest index.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This effect was shown in the seed and oil harvest index increment”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher zinc sulfate concentrations improved performance under regular irrigation.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under regular irrigation, higher concentrations of zinc sulfate enhanced plant performance”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium and lower zinc sulfate concentrations worked better under stress.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under stress conditions, medium and lower concentrations were more effective”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering-stage spray at 5 g L−1 under normal irrigation gave the highest 1000-seed weight.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest 1000-seed weight and potassium and zinc content were obtained by spraying zinc sulfate at 5 g L−1 in the flowering stage under normal irrigation conditions”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering-stage spray at 5 g L−1 under normal irrigation gave the highest potassium and zinc content.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest 1000-seed weight and potassium and zinc content were obtained by spraying zinc sulfate at 5 g L−1 in the flowering stage under normal irrigation conditions”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc sulfate spray improved seed yield more than soil application.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spraying was more effective than soil application in improving the seed yield”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil zinc sulfate application affected biological yield more than seed yield.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0t0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil application is more effective on biological yield than seed yield”
t0“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
e1“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
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See all 14 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.