Abstract
Greenhouses are used to create the appropriate environment for plant growth. Controlling the level of lighting using shading nets is one of the most commonly used methods for making suitable environmental modifications in greenhouses. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of three colored shading nets (green, black, and beige at shading rates of 50%) on inside air temperature, relative humidity, and spectral distribution of light in a greenhouse, as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants. Data were collected during winter (December and January) and spring (March and April) months from shaded and unshaded blocks. The green net had the highest transmittance to solar radiation (τSR) during the two periods (38% and 35%, respectively) and the highest transmittance to photosynthetically active radiation (τPAR) of 34% during spring months, while the beige net had the highest τPAR of 27% during winter months. The black net had the smallest τPAR values during the two periods (22% and 29%, respectively). The lowest total light levels per season for solar radiation (SR) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (746.8 and 293.7 MJ·m−2, respectively) were obtained under the black net, compared with (906.7 and 320.8 MJ·m−2, respectively) for the beige net, and (969.6 and 337.2 MJ·m−2, respectively) for the green net. The ratio of PAR to SR (PAR:SR) was 41% and 44% outside and inside the greenhouse for the control (without shade), respectively. The black net had the highest ratio of PAR:SR (39%) among the treatment nets. The green net transmitted more light in the blue–green region (400 to 570 nm) and transmitted the highest photon flux at 480 nm, while the beige net increased the infrared radiation flux from 730 nm and above and transmitted the highest photon flux at 604 nm. The study found that the green net increased the ratio of blue to red light (B/R), while the beige and green nets reduced the red to far-red light (R/FR) ratio. The photosynthetic rate, conductance to water, and transpiration were significantly higher for strawberries grown under the beige net. These results indicate that the beige net positively influenced leaf and stem characteristics, leading to improved strawberry yields. The best yields of strawberries were obtained under the beige net and the control group (no shade), surpassing the yields achieved under the black net by 26.3% and 21.4%, respectively.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
The green net had the highest transmittance to solar radiation during the two periods.
- Taxon
- strawberry plants
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- green nete1
- Outcome
- transmittance to solar radiation (τSR)e1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 38% and 35%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e1“The green net had the highest transmittance to solar radiation (τSR) during the two periods (38% and 35%, respectively) and the highest transmittance to photosynthetically active radiation (τPAR) of 34% during spring months”
Claim · model-written summary
The green net had the highest transmittance to photosynthetically active radiation of 34% during spring.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- green nete1
- Outcome
- transmittance to photosynthetically active radiation (τPAR)e1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 34%e1
- Setting
- spring monthse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e1“The green net had the highest transmittance to solar radiation (τSR) during the two periods (38% and 35%, respectively) and the highest transmittance to photosynthetically active radiation (τPAR) of 34% during spring months”
Claim · model-written summary
The beige net had the highest transmittance to photosynthetically active radiation of 27% during winter.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- beige nete2
- Outcome
- τPARe2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 27%e2
- Setting
- winter monthse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e2“while the beige net had the highest τPAR of 27% during winter months”
Claim · model-written summary
The black net had the smallest transmittance to photosynthetically active radiation in both periods.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- black nete3
- Outcome
- τPAR valuese3
- Direction
- smalleste3
- Value
- 22% and 29%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e3“The black net had the smallest τPAR values during the two periods (22% and 29%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
The black net gave the lowest total solar radiation and PAR per season.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- black nete4
- Outcome
- total light levels per seasone4
- Direction
- loweste4
- Value
- 746.8 and 293.7 MJ·m−2e4
- Comparator
- beige nete4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e4“The lowest total light levels per season for solar radiation (SR) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (746.8 and 293.7 MJ·m−2, respectively) were obtained under the black net, compared with (906.7 and 320.8 MJ·m−2, respectively) for the beige net, and (969.6 and 337.2 MJ·m−2, respectively) for the green net”
Claim · model-written summary
The black net had the highest PAR:SR ratio, 39%, among the treatment nets.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- black nete5
- Outcome
- ratio of PAR:SRe5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 39%e5
- Comparator
- treatment netse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e5“The black net had the highest ratio of PAR:SR (39%) among the treatment nets”
Claim · model-written summary
The green net increased the blue to red light ratio.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- green nete6
- Outcome
- ratio of blue to red light (B/R)e6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e6“The study found that the green net increased the ratio of blue to red light (B/R), while the beige and green nets reduced the red to far-red light (R/FR) ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
The green net reduced the red to far-red light ratio.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- green netse6
- Outcome
- red to far-red light (R/FR) ratioe6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e6“The study found that the green net increased the ratio of blue to red light (B/R), while the beige and green nets reduced the red to far-red light (R/FR) ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
The beige net reduced the red to far-red light ratio.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- beige and green netse6
- Outcome
- red to far-red light (R/FR) ratioe6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e6“The study found that the green net increased the ratio of blue to red light (B/R), while the beige and green nets reduced the red to far-red light (R/FR) ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate, conductance to water and transpiration were significantly higher in strawberries under the beige net.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- beige nete1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate, conductance to water, and transpiratione1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e1“The photosynthetic rate, conductance to water, and transpiration were significantly higher for strawberries grown under the beige net”
Claim · model-written summary
The beige net positively influenced strawberry leaf and stem characteristics.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- beige nete2
- Outcome
- leaf and stem characteristicse2
- Direction
- positively influencede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e2“These results indicate that the beige net positively influenced leaf and stem characteristics, leading to improved strawberry yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry yield under the beige net surpassed the black net by 26.3%.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- beige nete3
- Outcome
- yields of strawberriese3
- Direction
- surpassinge3
- Value
- 26.3%e3
- Comparator
- black nete3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e3“The best yields of strawberries were obtained under the beige net and the control group (no shade), surpassing the yields achieved under the black net by 26.3% and 21.4%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry yield under the control without shade surpassed the black net by 21.4%.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- control group (no shade)e3
- Outcome
- yields of strawberriese3
- Direction
- surpassinge3
- Value
- 21.4%e3
- Comparator
- black nete3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e3“The best yields of strawberries were obtained under the beige net and the control group (no shade), surpassing the yields achieved under the black net by 26.3% and 21.4%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The green net transmitted the highest photon flux at 480 nm.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- green nete4
- Outcome
- photon flux at 480 nme4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e4“The green net transmitted more light in the blue–green region (400 to 570 nm) and transmitted the highest photon flux at 480 nm”
Claim · model-written summary
The green net transmitted more light in the blue–green region (400 to 570 nm).
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- green nete4
- Outcome
- light in the blue–green region (400 to 570 nm)e4
- Direction
- moree4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e4“The green net transmitted more light in the blue–green region (400 to 570 nm) and transmitted the highest photon flux at 480 nm”
Claim · model-written summary
The beige net increased the infrared radiation flux from 730 nm and above.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- beige nete5
- Outcome
- infrared radiation flux from 730 nm and abovee5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e5“while the beige net increased the infrared radiation flux from 730 nm and above and transmitted the highest photon flux at 604 nm”
Claim · model-written summary
The beige net transmitted the highest photon flux at 604 nm.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- beige nete5
- Outcome
- photon flux at 604 nme5
- Direction
- higheste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e5“while the beige net increased the infrared radiation flux from 730 nm and above and transmitted the highest photon flux at 604 nm”
Claim · model-written summary
In the control without shade, the PAR to SR ratio was 41% outside and 44% inside the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0
- Outcome
- ratio of PAR to SR (PAR:SR)e6
- Value
- 41% and 44%e6
- Qualifier
- for the control (without shade)e6
- Setting
- outside and inside the greenhousee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as their effect on the growth and yield of strawberry plants”
e6“The ratio of PAR to SR (PAR:SR) was 41% and 44% outside and inside the greenhouse for the control (without shade), respectively”
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