Abstract
Lemongrass is a fragrant grass that has significant industrial potential. It is grown for its essential oil, which has a high economic value because of its multiple medical, cosmetic, and culinary uses. The goal of this study was to improve the morpho-physiological and anatomical attributes of lemongrass by using nanostructured plant growth regulators (sodium nitrophenolate and daminozide) loaded with silicon nanoparticles to promote sustainable agriculture. In the present study, different concentrations of sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs and daminozide Si-NPs, such as (control, 100 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1 and 300 mg L-1) were applied. There was a total of seven treatments and each treatment was replicated three times, resulting in 10 plants. The experiment was designed using a randomized complete block design (RCBD), and data were analyzed using Fisher's analysis of variance (ANOVA). Tukey's test was used to compare treatment means at a 5% probability level. Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments. It is concluded that 300 mg L-1 Sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs significantly improved the morpho-physiological and anatomical parameters of lemongrass plant.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass plant height, 120.62 cm.
- Taxon
- lemongrass
Cymbopogon citratust0 - Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 120.62 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass number of tillers, 27.36.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- number of tillerse0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 27.36e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass number of leaves, 135.29.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 135.29e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass leaf length, 78.66 cm.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- leaf lengthe0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 78.66 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass plant fresh weight, 4531 g.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- plant fresh weighte0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 4531 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass plant dry weight, 1510 g.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- plant dry weighte0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 1510 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass photosynthetic rate, 66.43 μmolm-2s-1.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 66.43 μmolm-2s-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass transpiration rate, 0.60 mmol m-2s-1.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 0.60 mmol m-2s-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass stomatal conductance, 0.088 mol m-2s-1.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 0.088 mol m-2s-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass total leaf chlorophyll contents, 25.8 SPAD.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- total leaf chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 25.8 SPADe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass epidermal thickness, 88.42 μm.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- epidermal thicknesse0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 88.42 μme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass cortical region thickness, 684.40 μm.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- cortical region thicknesse0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 684.40 μme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass aerenchyma cell area, 0.271 mm2.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- aerenchyma cell areae0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 0.271 mm2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass metaxylem area, 0.269 mm2.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- metaxylem areae0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 0.269 mm2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass phloem area, 0.158 mm2.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- phloem areae0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 0.158 mm2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 treatment produced the maximum lemongrass pith region, 654.12 μm.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- 300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPse0
- Outcome
- pith regione0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 654.12 μme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf width did not differ significantly among treatments.
- Taxon
- lemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf widthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum plant height (120.62 cm), number of tillers (27.36), number of leaves (135.29), leaf length (78.66 cm), plant fresh weight (4531 g), plant dry weight (1510 g), photosynthetic rate (66.43 μmolm-2s-1), transpiration rate (0.60 mmol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (0.088 mol m-2s-1), total leaf chlorophyll contents (25.8 SPAD), epidermal thickness (88.42 μm), cortical region thickness (684.40 μm), aerenchyma cell area (0.271 mm2), metaxylem area (0.269 mm2), phloem area (0.158 mm2) and pith region(654.12 μm) were found in T3 treatment (300 mg L-1 sodium nitrophenolate Si-NPs) and leaf width showed non-significant results among the treatments.”
t0“lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)”
The same questions in other papers
sodium atom · yield · Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
silicon atom · yield · Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
nanoparticle · physiology: pigments · Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.