Abstract
Constant-frequency ultrasonic treatment helped to improve seed germination. However, variable-frequency ultrasonic treatment on maize seed germination were rarely reported. In this study, maize seeds were exposed to 20-40 kHz ultrasonic for 40 s. The germination percentage and radicle length of maize seeds increased by 10.4% and 230.5%. Ultrasonic treatment also significantly increased the acid protease, α-amylase, and β-amylase contents by 96.4%, 73.8%, and 49.1%, respectively. Transcriptome analysis showed that 11,475 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the ultrasonic treatment and control groups, including 5,695 upregulated and 5,780 downregulated. Metabolic pathways and transcription factors (TFs) were significantly enriched among DEGs after ultrasonic treatment. This included metabolism and genetic information processing, that is, ribosome, proteasome, and pyruvate metabolism, sesquiterpenoid, triterpenoid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as transcription factors in the NAC, MYB, bHLH, WRKY, AP2, bZIP, and ARF families. Variable-frequency ultrasonic treatment increased auxin, gibberellin, and salicylic acid by 5.5%, 37.3%, and 28.9%, respectively. Abscisic acid significantly decreased by 33.2%. The related DEGs were upregulated and downregulated to varying degrees. Seed germination under the abiotic stress conditions of salt stress (NaCl solution), drought (PEG solution), and waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed) under ultrasonic treatment were promoted, radicle length was significantly increased by 30.2%, 30.5%, and 27.3%, respectively; and germination percentage by 14.8%, 20.1%, and 21.6%, respectively. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms through ultrasonic to promote maize seed germination.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound increased maize seed germination percentage by 10.4%.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination percentage and radicle length of maize seeds increased by 10.4% and 230.5%”
e1“maize seeds were exposed to 20-40 kHz ultrasonic for 40 s”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound increased maize radicle length by 230.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination percentage and radicle length of maize seeds increased by 10.4% and 230.5%”
e1“maize seeds were exposed to 20-40 kHz ultrasonic for 40 s”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasonic treatment increased maize acid protease content by 96.4%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ultrasonic treatment also significantly increased the acid protease, α-amylase, and β-amylase contents by 96.4%, 73.8%, and 49.1%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasonic treatment increased maize α-amylase content by 73.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ultrasonic treatment also significantly increased the acid protease, α-amylase, and β-amylase contents by 96.4%, 73.8%, and 49.1%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasonic treatment increased maize β-amylase content by 49.1%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ultrasonic treatment also significantly increased the acid protease, α-amylase, and β-amylase contents by 96.4%, 73.8%, and 49.1%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome analysis found 11,475 maize DEGs between ultrasonic treatment and control.
- Treatment
- ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Value
- 11,475e0
- Comparator
- control groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome analysis showed that 11,475 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the ultrasonic treatment and control groups, including 5,695 upregulated and 5,780 downregulated”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
5,695 maize DEGs were upregulated under ultrasonic treatment.
- Treatment
- ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 5,695e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome analysis showed that 11,475 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the ultrasonic treatment and control groups, including 5,695 upregulated and 5,780 downregulated”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
5,780 maize DEGs were downregulated under ultrasonic treatment.
- Treatment
- ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
- Value
- 5,780e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome analysis showed that 11,475 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the ultrasonic treatment and control groups, including 5,695 upregulated and 5,780 downregulated”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolic pathways and transcription factors were enriched among maize DEGs after ultrasound.
- Treatment
- ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- Metabolic pathways and transcription factorse0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metabolic pathways and transcription factors (TFs) were significantly enriched among DEGs after ultrasonic treatment”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Variable-frequency ultrasound increased maize auxin by 5.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Variable-frequency ultrasonic treatment increased auxin, gibberellin, and salicylic acid by 5.5%, 37.3%, and 28.9%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Variable-frequency ultrasound increased maize gibberellin by 37.3%.
- Treatment
- Variable-frequency ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- gibberelline0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Variable-frequency ultrasonic treatment increased auxin, gibberellin, and salicylic acid by 5.5%, 37.3%, and 28.9%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Variable-frequency ultrasound increased maize salicylic acid by 28.9%.
- Treatment
- Variable-frequency ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- salicylic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Variable-frequency ultrasonic treatment increased auxin, gibberellin, and salicylic acid by 5.5%, 37.3%, and 28.9%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize abscisic acid decreased by 33.2%.
- Treatment
- Variable-frequency ultrasonic treatmente1
- Outcome
- Abscisic acide0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 33.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Abscisic acid significantly decreased by 33.2%”
e1“Variable-frequency ultrasonic treatment increased auxin”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound increased maize radicle length under salt stress (NaCl solution) by 30.2%.
- Treatment
- ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- radicle lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.2%e0
- Qualifier
- salt stress (NaCl solution)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination under the abiotic stress conditions of salt stress (NaCl solution), drought (PEG solution), and waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed) under ultrasonic treatment were promoted, radicle length was significantly increased by 30.2%, 30.5%, and 27.3%, respectively; and germination percentage by 14.8%, 20.1%, and 21.6%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound increased maize radicle length under drought (PEG solution) by 30.5%.
- Treatment
- ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- radicle lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.5%e0
- Qualifier
- drought (PEG solution)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination under the abiotic stress conditions of salt stress (NaCl solution), drought (PEG solution), and waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed) under ultrasonic treatment were promoted, radicle length was significantly increased by 30.2%, 30.5%, and 27.3%, respectively; and germination percentage by 14.8%, 20.1%, and 21.6%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound increased maize radicle length under waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed) by 27.3%.
- Treatment
- ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- radicle lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.3%e0
- Qualifier
- waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination under the abiotic stress conditions of salt stress (NaCl solution), drought (PEG solution), and waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed) under ultrasonic treatment were promoted, radicle length was significantly increased by 30.2%, 30.5%, and 27.3%, respectively; and germination percentage by 14.8%, 20.1%, and 21.6%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound promoted maize germination under salt stress (NaCl solution) by 14.8%.
- Treatment
- ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- 14.8%e0
- Qualifier
- salt stress (NaCl solution)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination under the abiotic stress conditions of salt stress (NaCl solution), drought (PEG solution), and waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed) under ultrasonic treatment were promoted, radicle length was significantly increased by 30.2%, 30.5%, and 27.3%, respectively; and germination percentage by 14.8%, 20.1%, and 21.6%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound promoted maize germination under drought (PEG solution) by 20.1%.
- Treatment
- ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- 20.1%e0
- Qualifier
- drought (PEG solution)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination under the abiotic stress conditions of salt stress (NaCl solution), drought (PEG solution), and waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed) under ultrasonic treatment were promoted, radicle length was significantly increased by 30.2%, 30.5%, and 27.3%, respectively; and germination percentage by 14.8%, 20.1%, and 21.6%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound promoted maize germination under waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed) by 21.6%.
- Treatment
- ultrasonic treatmente0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- 21.6%e0
- Qualifier
- waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination under the abiotic stress conditions of salt stress (NaCl solution), drought (PEG solution), and waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed) under ultrasonic treatment were promoted, radicle length was significantly increased by 30.2%, 30.5%, and 27.3%, respectively; and germination percentage by 14.8%, 20.1%, and 21.6%, respectively”
t0“maize seed”
The same questions in other papers
physical treatment · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.