Abstract
The present research explored the impact of varying concentrations of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus inoculum and vermicompost on the growth, nutrient absorption, photosynthetic gas exchange, and quality parameters of ginger over a 2-year period in field conditions. In this study, the combination of 50 g each of AM and vermicompost increased plant height, number of tillers, and rhizome yield compared to the control. However, higher dry biomass (61 g) was observed with the combination of 75 g of each amendment. As expected, the application of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) positively affects spore count and mycorrhizal dependency percentage ranging from 58 to 70.5 spores per 50 g substrate and 19–36%, respectively. The combined use of vermicompost and AM led to a lower disease incidence of 10.5% in treatments with 25 g of each amendment and 10.1% in treatments with 50 g of each. Nutrient accumulations, particularly phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn), exhibited greater levels in ginger plants treated with vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation, compared to uninoculated ginger rhizomes. The plants treated with AM and vermicompost increased the biomass accumulation by increasing the stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of leaves. AM and vermicompost improved ginger rhizome quality, increasing phenols by 37.8%, flavonoids by 35.7%, and essential oil by 29% compared to the control. The analysis revealed that the total flavonoid content was significantly higher in AM-treated samples compared to the control. However, the phenol content did not exhibit statistical significance across the treatments. Regarding essential oil (EO) content, our experiment highlighted that treatments with AM and vermicompost have consistently yielded higher EO content compared to other treatments. In contrast, there was no discernible trend in the fiber content with the application of AM and vermicompost amendments. PCA and correlation analyses revealed a positive influence on plant growth, nutrient absorption, and quality parameters, except for the incidence of diseases in ginger. Overall, our study finds that the concurrent use of vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) makes a substantial contribution to the growth, nutrient uptake, photosynthetic, and quality parameters of ginger.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
The 50 g combination increased height, tillers and rhizome yield.
- Taxon
- ginger
Zingiber officinalet0 - Treatment
- 50 g each of AM and vermicomposte0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant height, number of tillers, and rhizome yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of 50 g each of AM and vermicompost increased plant height, number of tillers, and rhizome yield compared to the control”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75 g combination had higher dry biomass of 61 g.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- 75 g of each amendmente0
- Outcome
- dry biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 61 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher dry biomass (61 g) was observed with the combination of 75 g of each amendment”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
AM application raised spore count to 58–70.5 per 50 g substrate.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- application of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM)e0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- spore counte0
- Direction
- positively affectse0
- Value
- 58 to 70.5 spores per 50 g substratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) positively affects spore count and mycorrhizal dependency percentage ranging from 58 to 70.5 spores per 50 g substrate and 19–36%, respectively”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
AM application raised mycorrhizal dependency to 19–36%.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- application of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM)e0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal dependency percentagee0
- Direction
- positively affectse0
- Value
- 19–36%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) positively affects spore count and mycorrhizal dependency percentage ranging from 58 to 70.5 spores per 50 g substrate and 19–36%, respectively”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined 25 g amendments reduced disease incidence to 10.5%.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- 25 g of each amendmente0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 10.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of vermicompost and AM led to a lower disease incidence of 10.5% in treatments with 25 g of each amendment”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined 50 g amendments reduced disease incidence to 10.1%.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- 50 g of eache0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 10.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of vermicompost and AM led to a lower disease incidence of 10.5% in treatments with 25 g of each amendment and 10.1% in treatments with 50 g of each”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
AM and vermicompost raised P, Fe and Zn in ginger.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculatione0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- Nutrient accumulations, particularly phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn)e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- uninoculated ginger rhizomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient accumulations, particularly phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn), exhibited greater levels in ginger plants treated with vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation, compared to uninoculated ginger rhizomes”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
AM and vermicompost increased biomass through gas exchange.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- AM and vermicomposte0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- increasing the stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants treated with AM and vermicompost increased the biomass accumulation by increasing the stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of leaves”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
AM and vermicompost raised rhizome phenols by 37.8%.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- AM and vermicomposte0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- phenolse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 37.8%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM and vermicompost improved ginger rhizome quality, increasing phenols by 37.8%, flavonoids by 35.7%, and essential oil by 29% compared to the control”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
AM and vermicompost raised rhizome flavonoids by 35.7%.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- AM and vermicomposte0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 35.7%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM and vermicompost improved ginger rhizome quality, increasing phenols by 37.8%, flavonoids by 35.7%, and essential oil by 29% compared to the control”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
AM and vermicompost raised essential oil by 29%.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- AM and vermicomposte0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- essential oile0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM and vermicompost improved ginger rhizome quality, increasing phenols by 37.8%, flavonoids by 35.7%, and essential oil by 29% compared to the control”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Total flavonoids were significantly higher with AM.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- AM-treated samplese0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- total flavonoid contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total flavonoid content was significantly higher in AM-treated samples compared to the control”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenol content did not differ significantly across treatments.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- phenol contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the phenol content did not exhibit statistical significance across the treatments”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
AM and vermicompost consistently raised essential oil relative to other treatments.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- AM and vermicomposte0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- EO contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments with AM and vermicompost have consistently yielded higher EO content compared to other treatments”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Fiber content had no discernible trend with the amendments.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- AM and vermicompost amendmentse0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- fiber contente0
- Direction
- no discernible trende0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no discernible trend in the fiber content with the application of AM and vermicompost amendments”
t0“ginger”
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.