Abstract
Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency are the most important factors determining the success of mutation breeding, a coherent tool for quickly enhancing diversity in crops. This study was carried out at Lovely Professional University’s agricultural research farm in Punjab, India, during the year 2023. The experimental design followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment aimed to assess the effect of three chemical mutagens, sodium azide (SA), ethyl methyl sulphonates (EMSs), and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), at three different concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%), in SL958 and SL744 soybean varieties to select the mutant exhibiting the highest yield. The data were collected and analysed using a two-way ANOVA test through SPSS software (version 22), and the means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at the 5% level of significance. Between the two varieties, the highest seed germination percentage (76.0% seedlings/plot) was recorded in SL958 (0.4% SA), while the lowest (30.33% seedlings/plot) was observed in 0.6% MMS as compared to the control (53% and 76% in SL744 and SL958 at 10 days after sowing, respectively). Several weeks after sowing, the average plant height was observed to be higher (37.84 ± 1.32 cm) in SL958 (0.4% SA) and lower (20.58 ± 0.30 cm) in SL744 (0.6% SA), as compared to the controls (SL958: 26.09 ± 0.62 cm and SL744: 27.48 ± 0.74 cm). The average leaf count was the highest (234.33 ± 3.09 tetrafoliate leaves/plant) in SL958 (0.4% SA) while it was the lowest (87 leaves/plant) in 0.6% MMS as compared to the control (SL744 180.00 ± 1.63 and SL958 160.73 ± 1.05). The highest total leaf areas recorded in the SL958 and SL744 M1plants were 3625.8 ± 1.43 cm2 and 2311.03 ± 3.65 cm2, respectively. Seeds of the SL958 variety treated with 0.4% SA resulted in the development of tetrafoliate leaves with a broad leaf base and the maximum yield (277.55 ± 1.37 pods/plant) compared to the narrow pentafoliate leaves obtained through the treatment with EMS. Meanwhile, in the SL744 variety, the same treatment led to tetrafoliate leaves with a comparatively lower yield of 206.54 ± 23.47 pods/plant as compared to the control (SL744 164.33 ± 8.58 and SL958 229.86 ± 0.96). The highest protein content (47.04 ± 0.87% TSP) was recorded in the SL958 (0.4% SA) M2 seeds followed by a content of 46.14 ± 0.64% TSP in the SL744 (0.4% SA) M2 seeds, whereas the lowest content (38.13 ± 0.81% TSP) was found in SL958 (0.6% MMS). Similar observations were recorded for the lipid and fibre content. The 0.4% SA treatment in SL958 proved to be efficient in generating the highest leaf area (tetrafoliate leaves) and a reasonable yield of M1 (the first generation after mutation) plants.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
SL958 under 0.4% SA had the highest germination at 76.0% seedlings/plot.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Material
- SL958e0
- Treatment
- 0.4% SAe0
- Outcome
- seed germination percentagee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 76.0% seedlings/plote0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest seed germination percentage (76.0% seedlings/plot) was recorded in SL958 (0.4% SA)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
0.6% MMS gave the lowest germination at 30.33% seedlings/plot.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 0.6% MMSe0
- Outcome
- seedlings/plote0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 30.33% seedlings/plote0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest (30.33% seedlings/plot) was observed in 0.6% MMS as compared to the control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SL958 with 0.4% SA had higher plant height of 37.84 ± 1.32 cm.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL958e0
- Treatment
- 0.4% SAe0
- Outcome
- average plant heighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 37.84 ± 1.32 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the average plant height was observed to be higher (37.84 ± 1.32 cm) in SL958 (0.4% SA)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SL744 with 0.6% SA had lower plant height of 20.58 ± 0.30 cm.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL744e0
- Treatment
- 0.6% SAe0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 20.58 ± 0.30 cme0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant height was observed to be higher (37.84 ± 1.32 cm) in SL958 (0.4% SA) and lower (20.58 ± 0.30 cm) in SL744 (0.6% SA), as compared to the controls”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SL958 with 0.4% SA had the highest leaf count of 234.33 ± 3.09 tetrafoliate leaves/plant.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL958e0
- Treatment
- 0.4% SAe0
- Outcome
- average leaf counte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 234.33 ± 3.09 tetrafoliate leaves/plante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average leaf count was the highest (234.33 ± 3.09 tetrafoliate leaves/plant) in SL958 (0.4% SA)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
0.6% MMS had the lowest leaf count of 87 leaves/plant.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 0.6% MMSe0
- Outcome
- leaf counte0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 87 leaves/plante0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf count was the highest (234.33 ± 3.09 tetrafoliate leaves/plant) in SL958 (0.4% SA) while it was the lowest (87 leaves/plant) in 0.6% MMS as compared to the control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest leaf area in SL958 M1 plants was 3625.8 ± 1.43 cm2.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL958e0
- Organ / stage
- M1plantse0
- Outcome
- total leaf arease0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3625.8 ± 1.43 cm2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest total leaf areas recorded in the SL958 and SL744 M1plants were 3625.8 ± 1.43 cm2 and 2311.03 ± 3.65 cm2, respectively”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest leaf area in SL744 M1 plants was 2311.03 ± 3.65 cm2.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL744e0
- Organ / stage
- M1plantse0
- Outcome
- total leaf arease0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2311.03 ± 3.65 cm2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest total leaf areas recorded in the SL958 and SL744 M1plants were 3625.8 ± 1.43 cm2 and 2311.03 ± 3.65 cm2, respectively”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SL958 treated with 0.4% SA developed broad-base tetrafoliate leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL958e0
- Treatment
- 0.4% SAe0
- Outcome
- tetrafoliate leaves with a broad leaf basee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of the SL958 variety treated with 0.4% SA resulted in the development of tetrafoliate leaves with a broad leaf base”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SL958 with 0.4% SA had maximum pod yield of 277.55 ± 1.37 pods/plant.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL958e0
- Treatment
- 0.4% SAe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 277.55 ± 1.37 pods/plante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of the SL958 variety treated with 0.4% SA resulted in the development of tetrafoliate leaves with a broad leaf base and the maximum yield (277.55 ± 1.37 pods/plant)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
EMS treatment produced narrow pentafoliate leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- treatment with EMSe0
- Outcome
- narrow pentafoliate leavese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“narrow pentafoliate leaves obtained through the treatment with EMS”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SL744 with 0.4% SA produced tetrafoliate leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL744e0
- Treatment
- same treatmente0
- Outcome
- tetrafoliate leavese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the SL744 variety, the same treatment led to tetrafoliate leaves”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SL744 with the same treatment had pod yield of 206.54 ± 23.47 pods/plant.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL744e0
- Treatment
- same treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 206.54 ± 23.47 pods/plante0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the SL744 variety, the same treatment led to tetrafoliate leaves with a comparatively lower yield of 206.54 ± 23.47 pods/plant as compared to the control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SL958 0.4% SA M2 seeds had the highest protein content at 47.04 ± 0.87% TSP.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL958e0
- Organ / stage
- M2 seedse0
- Treatment
- 0.4% SAe0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 47.04 ± 0.87% TSPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest protein content (47.04 ± 0.87% TSP) was recorded in the SL958 (0.4% SA) M2 seeds”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SL744 0.4% SA M2 seeds had protein content of 46.14 ± 0.64% TSP.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL744e0
- Organ / stage
- M2 seedse0
- Treatment
- 0.4% SAe0
- Outcome
- contente0
- Value
- 46.14 ± 0.64% TSPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a content of 46.14 ± 0.64% TSP in the SL744 (0.4% SA) M2 seeds”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SL958 0.6% MMS had the lowest protein content at 38.13 ± 0.81% TSP.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- SL958e0
- Treatment
- 0.6% MMSe0
- Outcome
- contente0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 38.13 ± 0.81% TSPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest content (38.13 ± 0.81% TSP) was found in SL958 (0.6% MMS)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipid content showed similar observations.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- lipide0
- Qualifier
- Similar observationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar observations were recorded for the lipid and fibre content”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Fibre content showed similar observations.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- fibre contente0
- Qualifier
- Similar observationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar observations were recorded for the lipid and fibre content”
t0“Soybean”
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