Abstract
Abstract Salinity stress poses a significant treat to crop yields and product quality worldwide. Application of a humic acid bio stimulant and grafting onto tolerant rootstocks can both be considered sustainable agronomic practices that can effectively ameliorate the negative effects of salinity stress. This study aimed to assess the above mentioned ameliorative effects of both practices on cucumber plants subjected to saline environments. To attain this goal a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The three factors considered were (a) three different salinity levels (0, 5, and 10 dS m −1 of NaCl), (b) foliar application of humic acid at three levels (0, 100, and 200 mg L −1 ), and (c) both grafted and ungrafted plants. Vegetative traits including plant height, fresh and dry weight and number of leaf exhibited a significant decrease under increasing salinity stress. However, the application of humic acid at both levels mitigated these effects compared to control plants. The reduction in relative water content (RWC) of the leaf caused by salinity, was compensated by the application of humic acid and grafting. Thus, the highest RWC (86.65%) was observed in grafting plants with 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 20 mg L −1 of humic acid. Electrolyte leakage (EL) increased under salinity stress, but the application of humic acid and grafting improved this trait and the lowest amount of EL (26.95%) was in grafting plants with 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 20 mg L −1 of humic acid. The highest amount of catalase (0.53 mmol H 2 O 2 g −1 fw min −1 ) and peroxidase (12.290 mmol H 2 O 2 g −1 fw min −1 ) enzymes were observed in the treatment of 10 dS m −1 of NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acid. The highest amount of total phenol (1.99 mg g −1 FW), total flavonoid (0.486 mg g −1 FW), total soluble carbohydrate (30.80 mg g −1 FW), soluble protein (34.56 mg g −1 FW), proline (3.86 µg g −1 FW) was in grafting plants with 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 200 mg L −1 of humic acid. Phenolic acids and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes increased with increasing salinity and humic acid levels. Contrary to humic acid, salt stress increased the sodium (Na + ) and chlorine (Cl − ) and decreased the amount of potassium (K + ) and calcium (Ca 2+ ) in the root and leaf of ungrafted cucumber. However, the application 200 mg L −1 humic acid appeared to mitigate these effects, thereby suggesting a potential role in moderating physiological processes and improving growth of cucumber plants subjected to salinity stress. According to the obtained results, spraying of humic acid (200 mg L −1 ) and the use of salt resistant rootstocks are recommended to increase tolerance to salt stress in cucumber. These results, for the first time, clearly demonstrated that fig leaf gourd a new highly salt-tolerant rootstock, enhances salt tolerance and improves yield and quality of grafted cucumber plants by reducing sodium transport to the shoot and increasing the amount of compatible osmolytes.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly decreased plant height, fresh and dry weight, and leaf number.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- increasing salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- plant height, fresh and dry weight and number of leafe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“Vegetative traits including plant height, fresh and dry weight and number of leaf exhibited a significant decrease under increasing salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid at both applied levels mitigated salinity effects on vegetative traits versus controls.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- humic acid at both levelse0
- Outcome
- these effectse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“the application of humic acid at both levels mitigated these effects compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid and grafting compensated for salinity-induced reduction in leaf relative water content.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- application of humic acid and graftinge0
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC) of the leafe0
- Direction
- compensatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“The reduction in relative water content (RWC) of the leaf caused by salinity, was compensated by the application of humic acid and grafting”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted plants with no NaCl and 20 mg L −1 humic acid had the highest relative water content, 86.65%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 20 mg L −1 of humic acide0
- Outcome
- RWCe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 86.65%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“highest RWC (86.65%) was observed in grafting plants with 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 20 mg L −1 of humic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- Electrolyte leakage (EL)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“Electrolyte leakage (EL) increased under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid and grafting improved electrolyte leakage under salinity.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- humic acid and graftinge0
- Outcome
- this traite0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“the application of humic acid and grafting improved this trait”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted plants with no NaCl and 20 mg L −1 humic acid had the lowest electrolyte leakage, 26.95%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 20 mg L −1 of humic acide0
- Outcome
- ELe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 26.95%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“lowest amount of EL (26.95%) was in grafting plants with 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 20 mg L −1 of humic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase was highest at 10 dS m −1 NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acid, at 0.53 mmol H 2 O 2 g −1 fw min −1.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 10 dS m −1 of NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acide0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.53 mmol H 2 O 2 g −1 fw min −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“highest amount of catalase (0.53 mmol H 2 O 2 g −1 fw min −1 ) and peroxidase (12.290 mmol H 2 O 2 g −1 fw min −1 ) enzymes were observed in the treatment of 10 dS m −1 of NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase was highest at 10 dS m −1 NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acid, at 12.290 mmol H 2 O 2 g −1 fw min −1.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 10 dS m −1 of NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acide0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 12.290 mmol H 2 O 2 g −1 fw min −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“highest amount of catalase (0.53 mmol H 2 O 2 g −1 fw min −1 ) and peroxidase (12.290 mmol H 2 O 2 g −1 fw min −1 ) enzymes were observed in the treatment of 10 dS m −1 of NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenol reached its highest amount, 1.99 mg g −1 FW, in grafted plants with no NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acid.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- total phenole0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.99 mg g −1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“highest amount of total phenol (1.99 mg g −1 FW), total flavonoid (0.486 mg g −1 FW), total soluble carbohydrate (30.80 mg g −1 FW), soluble protein (34.56 mg g −1 FW), proline (3.86 µg g −1 FW) was in grafting plants with 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 200 mg L −1 of humic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Total flavonoid reached its highest amount, 0.486 mg g −1 FW, in grafted plants with no NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acid.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- total flavonoide0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.486 mg g −1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“highest amount of total phenol (1.99 mg g −1 FW), total flavonoid (0.486 mg g −1 FW), total soluble carbohydrate (30.80 mg g −1 FW), soluble protein (34.56 mg g −1 FW), proline (3.86 µg g −1 FW) was in grafting plants with 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 200 mg L −1 of humic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble carbohydrate reached its highest amount, 30.80 mg g −1 FW, in grafted plants with no NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acid.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- total soluble carbohydratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 30.80 mg g −1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“highest amount of total phenol (1.99 mg g −1 FW), total flavonoid (0.486 mg g −1 FW), total soluble carbohydrate (30.80 mg g −1 FW), soluble protein (34.56 mg g −1 FW), proline (3.86 µg g −1 FW) was in grafting plants with 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 200 mg L −1 of humic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble protein reached its highest amount, 34.56 mg g −1 FW, in grafted plants with no NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acid.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- soluble proteine0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 34.56 mg g −1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“highest amount of total phenol (1.99 mg g −1 FW), total flavonoid (0.486 mg g −1 FW), total soluble carbohydrate (30.80 mg g −1 FW), soluble protein (34.56 mg g −1 FW), proline (3.86 µg g −1 FW) was in grafting plants with 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 200 mg L −1 of humic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline reached its highest amount, 3.86 µg g −1 FW, in grafted plants with no NaCl and 200 mg L −1 humic acid.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.86 µg g −1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“highest amount of total phenol (1.99 mg g −1 FW), total flavonoid (0.486 mg g −1 FW), total soluble carbohydrate (30.80 mg g −1 FW), soluble protein (34.56 mg g −1 FW), proline (3.86 µg g −1 FW) was in grafting plants with 0 dS m −1 of NaCl and 200 mg L −1 of humic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic acids, PAL and PPO increased with salinity and humic acid levels.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity and humic acid levelse0
- Outcome
- Phenolic acids and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“Phenolic acids and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes increased with increasing salinity and humic acid levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased sodium and chlorine in roots and leaves of ungrafted cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- root and leafe0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- sodium (Na + ) and chlorine (Cl − )e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress increased the sodium (Na + ) and chlorine (Cl − ) and decreased the amount of potassium (K + ) and calcium (Ca 2+ ) in the root and leaf of ungrafted cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased potassium and calcium in roots and leaves of ungrafted cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- root and leafe0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- potassium (K + ) and calcium (Ca 2+ )e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress increased the sodium (Na + ) and chlorine (Cl − ) and decreased the amount of potassium (K + ) and calcium (Ca 2+ ) in the root and leaf of ungrafted cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 200 mg L −1 humic acid appeared to mitigate salinity effects on root and leaf ions.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 200 mg L −1 humic acide0
- Outcome
- these effectse0
- Direction
- mitigatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“application 200 mg L −1 humic acid appeared to mitigate these effects”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 200 mg L −1 humic acid spray and salt-resistant rootstocks to increase salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- increase tolerance to salt stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying of humic acid (200 mg L −1 ) and the use of salt resistant rootstocks are recommended to increase tolerance to salt stress in cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Fig leaf gourd rootstock improved cucumber salt tolerance, yield and quality by reducing shoot sodium transport and increasing compatible osmolytes.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Material
- fig leaf gourde0
- Outcome
- salt tolerance and improves yield and qualitye0
- Qualifier
- reducing sodium transport to the shoot and increasing the amount of compatible osmolytese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fig leaf gourd a new highly salt-tolerant rootstock, enhances salt tolerance and improves yield and quality of grafted cucumber plants by reducing sodium transport to the shoot and increasing the amount of compatible osmolytes”
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