Abstract
The Haihe Plain in China is situated in the world’s largest groundwater funnel area, with per capita water resources far below the internationally recognized “extremely water-scarce” standard. To address the issue of water shortage in summer maize-planting areas of the Haihe Plain, we conducted research on the variation of summer maize evapotranspiration using a medium-sized lysimeter. This study aims to provide technical support for water-saving irrigation in summer maize fields. Through path analysis, direct and indirect influencing factors affecting the evapotranspiration of summer maize fields were determined. The results showed that the cumulative evapotranspiration of bare ground and farmland during the entire growth period of summer maize was 173.57 mm and 382.97 mm, respectively, with evapotranspiration intensities of 1.52 mm/d and 3.36 mm/d, respectively. Evapotranspiration during the maturity stage of summer maize was the least, accounting for only 1.82% of total evapotranspiration during the entire growth period. The period from the jointing to milk-ripening stage is when evapotranspiration in maize fields is at its highest. During this period, evapotranspiration in maize fields amounted to 265.58 mm, accounting for 69.35% of total evapotranspiration. The evapotranspiration intensity was 3.59 mm/day, which is 1.34 times higher than that of bare soil. The evapotranspiration intensities during each growth stage were ranked as jointing stage > tasseling-silking stage > seedling stage > milk maturity stage > maturity stage. The daily evapotranspiration of summer maize fields showed a “unimodal” curve with low values in the morning and evening, and high values at noon. Path analysis indicated that daily radiation and maximum daily temperature had the greatest impact on the evapotranspiration of maize fields, with the direct effect of maximum daily temperature being restrictive and the indirect effect being promotive, resulting in an overall promotive effect.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative bare-ground evapotranspiration across the maize growth period was 173.57 mm.
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the cumulative evapotranspiration of bare ground and farmland during the entire growth period of summer maize was 173.57 mm and 382.97 mm, respectively, with evapotranspiration intensities of 1.52 mm/d and 3.36 mm/d, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative maize-farmland evapotranspiration across the growth period was 382.97 mm.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the cumulative evapotranspiration of bare ground and farmland during the entire growth period of summer maize was 173.57 mm and 382.97 mm, respectively, with evapotranspiration intensities of 1.52 mm/d and 3.36 mm/d, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bare-ground evapotranspiration intensity was 1.52 mm/d.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“with evapotranspiration intensities of 1.52 mm/d and 3.36 mm/d, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize-farmland evapotranspiration intensity was 3.36 mm/d.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“with evapotranspiration intensities of 1.52 mm/d and 3.36 mm/d, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize evapotranspiration was lowest at maturity, representing 1.82% of the whole-period total.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Evapotranspiration during the maturity stage of summer maize was the least, accounting for only 1.82% of total evapotranspiration during the entire growth period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize-field evapotranspiration was highest from jointing to milk ripening, totaling 265.58 mm.
- Organ / stage
- jointing to milk-ripening stagee0
- Outcome
- evapotranspiration in maize fieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 265.58 mme0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The period from the jointing to milk-ripening stage is when evapotranspiration in maize fields is at its highest. During this period, evapotranspiration in maize fields amounted to 265.58 mm, accounting for 69.35% of total evapotranspiration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Jointing-to-milk-ripening evapotranspiration accounted for 69.35% of total maize-field evapotranspiration.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“During this period, evapotranspiration in maize fields amounted to 265.58 mm, accounting for 69.35% of total evapotranspiration.”
Claim · model-written summary
During that period, maize-field evapotranspiration intensity was 3.59 mm/day.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The evapotranspiration intensity was 3.59 mm/day, which is 1.34 times higher than that of bare soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
During that period, maize-field evapotranspiration intensity was 1.34 times higher than bare soil.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The evapotranspiration intensity was 3.59 mm/day, which is 1.34 times higher than that of bare soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Evapotranspiration intensity ranked jointing, tasseling-silking, seedling, milk maturity, then maturity stages.
- Organ / stage
- jointing stage > tasseling-silking stage > seedling stage > milk maturity stage > maturity stagee0
- Outcome
- evapotranspiration intensitiese0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The evapotranspiration intensities during each growth stage were ranked as jointing stage > tasseling-silking stage > seedling stage > milk maturity stage > maturity stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily maize-field evapotranspiration followed a unimodal curve, low in morning and evening and high at noon.
- Outcome
- daily evapotranspiratione0
- Qualifier
- low values in the morning and evening, and high values at noone0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The daily evapotranspiration of summer maize fields showed a “unimodal” curve with low values in the morning and evening, and high values at noon.”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily radiation and maximum daily temperature had the greatest effects on maize-field evapotranspiration.
- Treatment
- daily radiation and maximum daily temperaturee0
- Outcome
- evapotranspiration of maize fieldse0
- Direction
- greatest impacte0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Path analysis indicated that daily radiation and maximum daily temperature had the greatest impact on the evapotranspiration of maize fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum daily temperature had a restrictive direct effect on maize-field evapotranspiration.
- Treatment
- maximum daily temperaturee0
- Outcome
- direct effect of maximum daily temperaturee0
- Direction
- restrictivee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the direct effect of maximum daily temperature being restrictive”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum daily temperature had a promotive indirect effect on maize-field evapotranspiration.
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“the indirect effect being promotive”
Claim · model-written summary
The overall effect of maximum daily temperature on maize-field evapotranspiration was promotive.
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“resulting in an overall promotive effect.”