Abstract
The experiment was undertaken at the Research Farm of the Agriculture Department, Maharishi Markandeshwar (DU), Mullana-Ambala during Rabi season of 2022-23. The experiment used a randomized block design with eight treatments: control (T1), 100% NPK (T2), 100% NPK + Zinc at 2.5 kg ha-1 (T3), 100% NPK + Zinc at 5 kg ha-1 (T4), 100% NPK + Vermicompost (VC) at 1 t ha-1 (T5), 100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1 (T6), 100% NPK + VC at 1 t ha-1 + Zinc at 2.5 kg ha-1 (T7), and 100% NPK + VC at 1 t ha-1 + Zinc at 5 kg ha-1 (T8). The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022 at 22.5 cm row spacing by using a seed rate of 100 kg ha-1. The study's key findings showed that T6 produced the maximum count of effective tillers (429 m-2), spike length (11.1 cm), count of grains per spike (54.67), grain yield (54.24 q ha-1), straw yield (62.86 q ha-1), and the maximum gross return (Rs. 154,554.8 ha-1) and net return (Rs. 103,737.3 ha-1). Treatment T8 also demonstrated superior results with significant grain yield (50.50 q ha-1), straw yield (61.70 q ha-1), highest 1000-grain weight (46.7 g) and benefit-cost ratio (2.13). Statistical analysis using OPSTAT software confirmed that integrating vermicompost and chemical fertilizers resulted in higher yields and economic benefits compared to control and solely chemical treatments. The combination of 100% NPK with VC and Zinc also improved wheat crop production highlighting the advantage of integrated nutrient management. Conclusion, the study recommends the application of either T6 or T8 for optimal yield and economic returns in wheat cultivation, enhancing productivity and supporting sustainable agriculture by improving soil health and resource use efficiency.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
T6 (100% NPK + vermicompost 2 t/ha) gave the maximum count of effective tillers (429 m-2) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume3 - Treatment
- 100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1e2
- Outcome
- count of effective tillerse1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 429 m-2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“T6 produced the maximum count of effective tillers (429 m-2), spike length (11.1 cm), count of grains per spike (54.67), grain yield (54.24 q ha-1), straw yield (62.86 q ha-1), and the maximum gross return (Rs. 154,554.8 ha-1) and net return (Rs. 103,737.3 ha-1)”
e2“100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1 (T6)”
e3“The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 (100% NPK + vermicompost 2 t/ha) gave the maximum spike length (11.1 cm) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1e2
- Outcome
- spike lengthe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 11.1 cme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“T6 produced the maximum count of effective tillers (429 m-2), spike length (11.1 cm), count of grains per spike (54.67), grain yield (54.24 q ha-1), straw yield (62.86 q ha-1), and the maximum gross return (Rs. 154,554.8 ha-1) and net return (Rs. 103,737.3 ha-1)”
e2“100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1 (T6)”
e3“The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 (100% NPK + vermicompost 2 t/ha) gave the maximum count of grains per spike (54.67) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1e2
- Outcome
- count of grains per spikee1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 54.67e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“T6 produced the maximum count of effective tillers (429 m-2), spike length (11.1 cm), count of grains per spike (54.67), grain yield (54.24 q ha-1), straw yield (62.86 q ha-1), and the maximum gross return (Rs. 154,554.8 ha-1) and net return (Rs. 103,737.3 ha-1)”
e2“100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1 (T6)”
e3“The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 (100% NPK + vermicompost 2 t/ha) gave the maximum grain yield (54.24 q ha-1) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1e2
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 54.24 q ha-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“T6 produced the maximum count of effective tillers (429 m-2), spike length (11.1 cm), count of grains per spike (54.67), grain yield (54.24 q ha-1), straw yield (62.86 q ha-1), and the maximum gross return (Rs. 154,554.8 ha-1) and net return (Rs. 103,737.3 ha-1)”
e2“100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1 (T6)”
e3“The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 (100% NPK + vermicompost 2 t/ha) gave the maximum straw yield (62.86 q ha-1) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1e2
- Outcome
- straw yielde1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 62.86 q ha-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“T6 produced the maximum count of effective tillers (429 m-2), spike length (11.1 cm), count of grains per spike (54.67), grain yield (54.24 q ha-1), straw yield (62.86 q ha-1), and the maximum gross return (Rs. 154,554.8 ha-1) and net return (Rs. 103,737.3 ha-1)”
e2“100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1 (T6)”
e3“The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 (100% NPK + vermicompost 2 t/ha) gave the maximum gross return (Rs. 154,554.8 ha-1) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1e2
- Outcome
- gross returne1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- Rs. 154,554.8 ha-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“T6 produced the maximum count of effective tillers (429 m-2), spike length (11.1 cm), count of grains per spike (54.67), grain yield (54.24 q ha-1), straw yield (62.86 q ha-1), and the maximum gross return (Rs. 154,554.8 ha-1) and net return (Rs. 103,737.3 ha-1)”
e2“100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1 (T6)”
e3“The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 (100% NPK + vermicompost 2 t/ha) gave the maximum net return (Rs. 103,737.3 ha-1) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1e2
- Outcome
- net returne1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- Rs. 103,737.3 ha-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“T6 produced the maximum count of effective tillers (429 m-2), spike length (11.1 cm), count of grains per spike (54.67), grain yield (54.24 q ha-1), straw yield (62.86 q ha-1), and the maximum gross return (Rs. 154,554.8 ha-1) and net return (Rs. 103,737.3 ha-1)”
e2“100% NPK + VC at 2 t ha-1 (T6)”
e3“The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 (100% NPK + vermicompost 1 t/ha + zinc 5 kg/ha) gave superior grain yield (50.50 q ha-1) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + VC at 1 t ha-1 + Zinc at 5 kg ha-1e4
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- superiore5
- Value
- 50.50 q ha-1e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022”
e4“100% NPK + VC at 1 t ha-1 + Zinc at 5 kg ha-1 (T8)”
e5“Treatment T8 also demonstrated superior results with significant grain yield (50.50 q ha-1), straw yield (61.70 q ha-1), highest 1000-grain weight (46.7 g) and benefit-cost ratio (2.13)”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 (100% NPK + vermicompost 1 t/ha + zinc 5 kg/ha) gave superior straw yield (61.70 q ha-1) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + VC at 1 t ha-1 + Zinc at 5 kg ha-1e4
- Outcome
- straw yielde5
- Direction
- superiore5
- Value
- 61.70 q ha-1e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022”
e4“100% NPK + VC at 1 t ha-1 + Zinc at 5 kg ha-1 (T8)”
e5“Treatment T8 also demonstrated superior results with significant grain yield (50.50 q ha-1), straw yield (61.70 q ha-1), highest 1000-grain weight (46.7 g) and benefit-cost ratio (2.13)”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 (100% NPK + vermicompost 1 t/ha + zinc 5 kg/ha) gave highest 1000-grain weight (46.7 g) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + VC at 1 t ha-1 + Zinc at 5 kg ha-1e4
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 46.7 ge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022”
e4“100% NPK + VC at 1 t ha-1 + Zinc at 5 kg ha-1 (T8)”
e5“Treatment T8 also demonstrated superior results with significant grain yield (50.50 q ha-1), straw yield (61.70 q ha-1), highest 1000-grain weight (46.7 g) and benefit-cost ratio (2.13)”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 (100% NPK + vermicompost 1 t/ha + zinc 5 kg/ha) gave highest benefit-cost ratio (2.13) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + VC at 1 t ha-1 + Zinc at 5 kg ha-1e4
- Outcome
- benefit-cost ratioe5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 2.13e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The seed of wheat cv. HD-3086 (Pusa Gutami) was sown on 16 November 2022”
e4“100% NPK + VC at 1 t ha-1 + Zinc at 5 kg ha-1 (T8)”
e5“Treatment T8 also demonstrated superior results with significant grain yield (50.50 q ha-1), straw yield (61.70 q ha-1), highest 1000-grain weight (46.7 g) and benefit-cost ratio (2.13)”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrating vermicompost and chemical fertilizers gave higher wheat yields and economic benefits than control and solely chemical treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- integrating vermicompost and chemical fertilizerse6
- Outcome
- yields and economic benefitse6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- control and solely chemical treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“Statistical analysis using OPSTAT software confirmed that integrating vermicompost and chemical fertilizers resulted in higher yields and economic benefits compared to control and solely chemical treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend applying either T6 or T8 for optimal wheat yield and economic returns.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Outcome
- application of either T6 or T8e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“the study recommends the application of either T6 or T8 for optimal yield and economic returns in wheat cultivation”
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