Abstract
Introduction Sorghum is emerging as a viable crop option to increase food production under changing climate due to its resilience to drought and marginal soils. Appropriate planting date, crop cultivars, type of tillage and rotations, under contrasting climatic conditions, could make significant contribution on the effective management of sorghum under changing climatic conditions. A short-term study was carried out to investigate the effects of planting date, crop cultivar, tillage type and rotations on the growth and primary nutrient uptake of sorghum in contrasting climatic regions. Methods The study was conducted in Free State - (FS) and KwaZulu Natal (KZN) Provinces of South Africa over two seasons (2020/21 and 2021/22). The two cultivars (Pan8816 and Macia) were sown in December (PD1) and in January (PD2) under conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) and with two rotations (Sorghum-Cowpea-Sorghum and Sorghum-Sorghum-Sorghum) resulting in 2×2×2×2 factorial experiment. Results and discussion In KZN, in both the first (2020/21) and second (2021/22) seasons, the effects of all the factors, except cultivar in the second season, were not significant on yield, and uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). In the second season, Pan8816 (4.40 t/ha) produced 3.3 times higher yield than Macia (1.32 t/ha), and took up higher N, K and P. In FS, the early planted sorghum (1.15 t/ha for season one; 3.39 t/ha for season two) had significantly higher yield than late planted sorghum (0.434 and 0.91 t/ha for seasons one and two, respectively). Furthermore, the early-planted crops took up higher N, K and P than when planted late, while Pan8816 took up 1.74 times more P than Macia. Plants grown under CT (2.61 t/ha) produced significantly higher yield than under NT (1.70 t/ha), with plants under CT taking up significantly more K than those grown on NT. These findings suggest that in the drier FS, early planting under conventional tillage, while in the wetter KZN, selecting the appropriate cultivar (PAN8816), are essential for sorghum grain yield, at least in the short-term.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
In KZN, factors other than cultivar in the second season had no significant effect on yield or N, P and K uptake in either season.
- Treatment
- all the factorse0
- Outcome
- yield, and uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)e0
- Qualifier
- except cultivar in the second seasone0
- Setting
- KZNe0
SorghumNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In KZN, in both the first (2020/21) and second (2021/22) seasons, the effects of all the factors, except cultivar in the second season, were not significant on yield, and uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K).”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
In KZN season two, Pan8816 yielded 4.40 t/ha, 3.3 times Macia.
- Material
- Pan8816e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.40 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- 3.3 timese0
- Comparator
- Maciae0
- Setting
- KZNe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the second season, Pan8816 (4.40 t/ha) produced 3.3 times higher yield than Macia (1.32 t/ha)”
e1“In KZN, in both the first (2020/21) and second (2021/22) seasons”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
In KZN season two, Pan8816 took up more N, K and P than Macia.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and took up higher N, K and P.”
e1“In the second season, Pan8816 (4.40 t/ha) produced 3.3 times higher yield than Macia (1.32 t/ha)”
e2“In KZN, in both the first (2020/21) and second (2021/22) seasons”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
In FS season one, early planting yielded 1.15 t/ha versus 0.434 t/ha for late planting.
- Treatment
- early plantede0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.15 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- season onee0
- Comparator
- late plantede0
- Setting
- FSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In FS, the early planted sorghum (1.15 t/ha for season one; 3.39 t/ha for season two) had significantly higher yield than late planted sorghum (0.434 and 0.91 t/ha for seasons one and two, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
In FS season two, early planting yielded 3.39 t/ha versus 0.91 t/ha for late planting.
- Treatment
- early plantede0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.39 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- season twoe0
- Comparator
- late plantede0
- Setting
- FSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In FS, the early planted sorghum (1.15 t/ha for season one; 3.39 t/ha for season two) had significantly higher yield than late planted sorghum (0.434 and 0.91 t/ha for seasons one and two, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
In FS, early planted sorghum took up more N, K and P than late planted sorghum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the early-planted crops took up higher N, K and P than when planted late”
e1“In FS, the early planted sorghum”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
In FS, Pan8816 took up 1.74 times more P than Macia.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pan8816 took up 1.74 times more P than Macia”
e1“In FS, the early planted sorghum”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage produced 2.61 t/ha versus 1.70 t/ha with no-till.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants grown under CT (2.61 t/ha) produced significantly higher yield than under NT (1.70 t/ha)”
t0“sorghum”
e1“under conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage increased K uptake compared with no-till.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants under CT taking up significantly more K than those grown on NT”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend early planting with conventional tillage for short-term sorghum grain yield in drier FS.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the drier FS, early planting under conventional tillage, while in the wetter KZN, selecting the appropriate cultivar (PAN8816), are essential for sorghum grain yield, at least in the short-term.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend selecting PAN8816 for short-term sorghum grain yield in wetter KZN.
- Outcome
- selecting the appropriate cultivar (PAN8816)e0
- Qualifier
- at least in the short-terme0
- Setting
- KZNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the drier FS, early planting under conventional tillage, while in the wetter KZN, selecting the appropriate cultivar (PAN8816), are essential for sorghum grain yield, at least in the short-term.”
t0“sorghum”
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