Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa was recently added to the list of threatening pathogens affecting more than 300 plant hosts. Hemipteran hoppers that feed on xylem have been documented as potential transmitters. Hemipteran hoppers, known vectors for plant pathogens via xylem feeding, pose significant risks to agriculture. Despite their role in transmitting diseases, comprehensive data on their species diversity, distribution, and seasonal patterns, particularly in critical agricultural zones, remain sparse. Hence, the current study was carried out at 14 sites (eight olive farms and six vineyards) during the 2021/2022 season to develop a comprehensive checklist of hopper species present on the Egyptian Northwestern Coast, including their seasonal and location distribution, to serve as a real roadmap supporting control strategies if the pathogen breaches Egyptian borders. Utilizing 560 yellow sticky traps, we collected data seasonally, resulting in the identification of 21 hopper species belonging to 14 genera within four families. Olive orchards harbored a higher number of hoppers compared to vineyards, with Empoasca decipiens being the most dominant species. Our findings provide a foundational checklist and highlight the importance of continued monitoring and detailed studies to support proactive control strategies against potential X. fastidiosa outbreaks. We used 560 yellow sticky traps at 10 traps per site (80 traps for olive orchards and 60 traps for the vineyard per season) throughout the study period. Traps were installed at two levels to catch hopper species harboring tree canopies and ground vegetation. Each trap was replaced every 7 days, and the collected trap sheets were sent to the laboratory for segregation and identification. The data revealed 21 hopper species belonging to 14 genera and 4 families, with cicadellid species being the most represented (14 species). Olive orchards harbored a higher number of hoppers than vineyards. Empoasca decipiens exhibited the highest dominance among the remaining species. Although summer sampling yielded the highest number of hopper species and trapped specimens, seasonal variation in the distribution pattern exhibited non-significant differences (F = 1.7 and P = 0.173). Ras El-Hekma had the highest species representation (21 species), whereas El-Negala had the highest species richness. The lowest species representation at the Barrani location had the highest abundance of caught specimens. Although there were fluctuations in the trapped specimens among the examined locations, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences (F = 0.67, P = 0.58). Cluster analysis revealed distinct groupings with different degrees of similarity for both seasonal and location distributions. The impact of trap height on the hopper capture pattern showed a biased tendency towards low traps. Diversity indices showed no significant differences between the examined locations. Although our results offer a foundation for potential control strategies against X. fastidiosa , further detailed studies are required to fill the knowledge gap regarding its suspected vectors. Such research will guide management strategies that can be applied in cases where this infectious bacterium crosses Egyptian borders.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-one hopper species belonging to 14 genera and four families were identified.
- Taxon
- olive
Olea europaeat0 - Interactor
- hopper speciese1pest
- Outcome
- hopper speciese1
- Value
- 21e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e1“resulting in the identification of 21 hopper species belonging to 14 genera within four families”
Claim · model-written summary
Olive orchards harbored a higher number of hoppers than vineyards.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Interactor
- hopperse2pest
- Outcome
- number of hopperse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- vineyardse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e2“Olive orchards harbored a higher number of hoppers compared to vineyards”
Claim · model-written summary
Empoasca decipiens was the most dominant hopper species.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Interactor
- Empoasca decipiensHebata decipiense3pest
- Outcome
- most dominant speciese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e3“with Empoasca decipiens being the most dominant species”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer sampling yielded the highest number of hopper species and trapped specimens.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Interactor
- hopper speciese4pest
- Outcome
- number of hopper species and trapped specimense4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Qualifier
- summer samplinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e4“Although summer sampling yielded the highest number of hopper species and trapped specimens”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal variation in the distribution pattern of hoppers was not significant.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- seasonal variation in the distribution patterne5
- Value
- F = 1.7 and P = 0.173e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e5“seasonal variation in the distribution pattern exhibited non-significant differences (F = 1.7 and P = 0.173)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trapped specimens did not differ significantly among locations.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- trapped specimens among the examined locationse6
- Value
- F = 0.67, P = 0.58e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e6“Although there were fluctuations in the trapped specimens among the examined locations, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences (F = 0.67, P = 0.58)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ras El-Hekma had the highest species representation (21 species).
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- species representatione7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 21 speciese7
- Setting
- Ras El-Hekmae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e7“Ras El-Hekma had the highest species representation (21 species), whereas El-Negala had the highest species richness”
Claim · model-written summary
El-Negala had the highest species richness.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- species richnesse7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Setting
- El-Negalae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e7“Ras El-Hekma had the highest species representation (21 species), whereas El-Negala had the highest species richness”
Claim · model-written summary
The Barrani location had the lowest species representation but the highest abundance of caught specimens.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- abundance of caught specimense1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- lowest species representatione1
- Setting
- Barrani locatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e1“The lowest species representation at the Barrani location had the highest abundance of caught specimens”
Claim · model-written summary
Cluster analysis revealed distinct groupings of hopper distribution by season and location.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- groupingse1
- Qualifier
- different degrees of similarity for both seasonal and location distributionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e1“Cluster analysis revealed distinct groupings with different degrees of similarity for both seasonal and location distributions”
Claim · model-written summary
A biased tendency toward low traps was found in the hopper capture pattern by trap height.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- trap heighte1
- Interactor
- hoppere1pest
- Outcome
- hopper capture patterne1
- Qualifier
- biased tendency towards low trapse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e1“The impact of trap height on the hopper capture pattern showed a biased tendency towards low traps”
Claim · model-written summary
Diversity indices did not differ significantly between the examined locations.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- Diversity indicese1
- Qualifier
- between the examined locationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e1“Diversity indices showed no significant differences between the examined locations”
Claim · model-written summary
Continued monitoring and detailed studies are needed to support proactive control strategies against potential X. fastidiosa outbreaks.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Interactor
- X. fastidiosa
Xylella fastidiosae1pathogen - Outcome
- proactive control strategies against potential X. fastidiosa outbreakse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive and vineyard groves of the Egyptian northwestern coast”
e1“continued monitoring and detailed studies to support proactive control strategies against potential X. fastidiosa outbreaks”