Abstract
Global warming has caused such problems as the poor coloration of grape skin and the decreased production of high-quality berries. We investigated the effect of synephrine (Syn) on anthocyanin accumulation. Anthocyanin accumulation in cultured grape cells treated with Syn at concentrations of 1 mM or higher showed no significant difference, indicating that the accumulation was concentration-independent. On the other hand, anthocyanin accumulation was dependent on the compound used for treatment. The sugar/acid ratio of the juice from berries treated with Syn did not differ from the control. The expression of anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes, but not phytohormones, was increased by the treatment with Syn at 24 h or later. The Syn treatment of cultured cells increased SOD3 expression and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production from 3 to 24 h after treatment. Subsequently, the expression of CAT and APX6 encoding H2O2-scavenging enzymes was also increased. Treatment of cultured cells with Syn and H2O2 increased the expression of the H2O2-responsive gene Chit4 and the anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes mybA1 and UFGT 4 days after the treatment and increased anthocyanin accumulation 7 days after the treatment. On the other hand, the treatment of berries with Syn and H2O2 increased anthocyanin accumulation after 9 days. These results suggest that Syn increases anthocyanin accumulation through H2O2 production without changing phytohormone biosynthesis. Syn is expected to improve grape skin coloration and contribute to high-quality berry production.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
At 1 mM or above, Syn concentration did not significantly alter anthocyanin accumulation in cultured grape cells.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Organ / stage
- cultured grape cellse0
- Treatment
- Syn at concentrations of 1 mM or highere0
- Outcome
- Anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“Anthocyanin accumulation in cultured grape cells treated with Syn at concentrations of 1 mM or higher showed no significant difference”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin accumulation depended on treatment compound.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“anthocyanin accumulation was dependent on the compound used for treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Syn treated berry juice sugar/acid ratio did not differ from control.
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“The sugar/acid ratio of the juice from berries treated with Syn did not differ from the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Syn increased anthocyanin biosynthesis gene expression at 24 hours or later.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- Syne0
- Outcome
- expression of anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- at 24 h or latere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“The expression of anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes, but not phytohormones, was increased by the treatment with Syn at 24 h or later”
Claim · model-written summary
Syn did not increase phytohormones.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“The expression of anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes, but not phytohormones, was increased by the treatment with Syn at 24 h or later”
Claim · model-written summary
Syn increased SOD3 expression in cultured cells from 3 to 24 hours.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- Syn treatmente0
- Gene
- SOD3e0
- Outcome
- SOD3 expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- from 3 to 24 h after treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“The Syn treatment of cultured cells increased SOD3 expression and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production from 3 to 24 h after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Syn increased hydrogen peroxide production in cultured cells from 3 to 24 hours.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- Syn treatmente0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“The Syn treatment of cultured cells increased SOD3 expression and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production from 3 to 24 h after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT and APX6 expression subsequently increased.
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“Subsequently, the expression of CAT and APX6 encoding H2O2-scavenging enzymes was also increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Syn and H2O2 treatment increased Chit4, mybA1 and UFGT expression after four days.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- Syn and H2O2e0
- Gene
- Chit4 and the anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes mybA1 and UFGTe0
- Outcome
- expression of the H2O2-responsive gene Chit4 and the anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes mybA1 and UFGTe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 4 days after the treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“Treatment of cultured cells with Syn and H2O2 increased the expression of the H2O2-responsive gene Chit4 and the anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes mybA1 and UFGT 4 days after the treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Syn and H2O2 increased cultured cell anthocyanin accumulation after seven days.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- Syn and H2O2e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 7 days after the treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“Treatment of cultured cells with Syn and H2O2 increased the expression of the H2O2-responsive gene Chit4 and the anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes mybA1 and UFGT 4 days after the treatment and increased anthocyanin accumulation 7 days after the treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Syn and H2O2 increased berry anthocyanin after nine days.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Organ / stage
- berriese0
- Treatment
- Syn and H2O2e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- after 9 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“the treatment of berries with Syn and H2O2 increased anthocyanin accumulation after 9 days”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest Syn increases anthocyanin via H2O2 without changing phytohormone biosynthesis.
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“Syn increases anthocyanin accumulation through H2O2 production without changing phytohormone biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Syn is expected to improve grape skin coloration and berry quality.
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“Syn is expected to improve grape skin coloration and contribute to high-quality berry production”
The same questions in other papers
hydrogen peroxide · quality: phytochemicals · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
hydrogen peroxide · molecular: expression · VitisResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.