Abstract
Background Oat is a dual-purpose cereal used for grain and forage. The demand of oat has been increasing as the understanding of the nutritional, ecological, and economic values of oat increased. However, the frequent lodging during the growing period severely affect the high yielding potential and the quality of the grain and forage of oat. Methods Therefore, we used the lodging-resistant variety LENA and the lodging-sensitive variety QY2 as materials, implementing four different planting densities: 2.25×10 6 plants/ha (D1), 4.5×10 6 plants/ha (D2), 6.75×10 6 plants/ha (D3), and 9×10 6 plants/ha (D4). At the appropriate growth and development stages, we assessed agronomic traits, mechanical characteristics, biochemical compositions, yield and its components. The study investigated the impact of planting density on the growth, lodging, and yield of oat, as well as their interrelationships. Additionally, we identified the optimal planting density to establish a robust crop structure. The research aims to contribute to the high-yield and high-quality cultivation of oat. Results We observed that with increasing planting density, plant height, grass and grain yields of both varieties first increased and then decreased; root fresh weight, stem diameter, stem wall thickness, stem puncture strength, breaking strength, compressive strength, lignin and crude fiber contents, and yield components decreased; whereas the lodging rate and lodging coefficient increased. Planting density affects lodging by regulating plant height, height of center of gravity, stem wall thickness, internode length, and root fresh weight of oat. Additionally, it can impact stem mechanical strength by modulating the synthesis of lignin and crude fiber, which in turn affecting lodging resistance. Plant height, height of center of gravity, stem wall thickness, internode length, root fresh weight, breaking strength, compressive strength, lignin and crude fiber content, single-plant weight, grain yield and 1,000-grain weight can serve as important indicators for evaluating oat stem lodging resistance. We also noted that planting density affected grain yield both directly and indirectly (by affecting lodging); high density increased lodging rate and decreased grain yield, mainly by reducing 1,000-grain weight. Nonetheless, there was no significant relationship between lodging and grass yield. As appropriate planting density can increase the yield while maintaining good lodging resistance, in this study, 4.5×10 6 plants/ha (D2) was found to be the best planting density for oat in terms of lodging resistance and grass and grain yield. These findings can be used as a reference for oat planting.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height first increased then decreased with increasing planting density in both varieties.
- Taxon
- both varietiese0
- Treatment
- increasing planting densitye0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- first increased and then decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“with increasing planting density, plant height, grass and grain yields of both varieties first increased and then decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass yield first increased then decreased as planting density increased.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativat0 - Treatment
- increasing planting densitye0
- Outcome
- grasse0
- Direction
- first increased and then decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“with increasing planting density, plant height, grass and grain yields of both varieties first increased and then decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield first increased then decreased as planting density increased.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing planting densitye0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- first increased and then decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“with increasing planting density, plant height, grass and grain yields of both varieties first increased and then decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Root fresh weight, stem diameter and stem wall thickness decreased with increasing planting density.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing planting densitye0
- Outcome
- root fresh weight, stem diameter, stem wall thicknesse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“with increasing planting density”
e1“root fresh weight, stem diameter, stem wall thickness, stem puncture strength, breaking strength, compressive strength, lignin and crude fiber contents, and yield components decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem puncture, breaking and compressive strength decreased with increasing density.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing planting densitye0
- Outcome
- stem puncture strength, breaking strength, compressive strengthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“with increasing planting density”
e1“stem puncture strength, breaking strength, compressive strength, lignin and crude fiber contents, and yield components decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Lignin and crude fiber contents decreased with increasing density.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing planting densitye0
- Outcome
- lignin and crude fiber contentse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“with increasing planting density”
e1“lignin and crude fiber contents, and yield components decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield components decreased with increasing planting density.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing planting densitye0
- Outcome
- yield componentse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“with increasing planting density”
e1“yield components decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Lodging rate and lodging coefficient increased with planting density.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing planting densitye0
- Outcome
- lodging rate and lodging coefficiente1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“with increasing planting density”
e1“the lodging rate and lodging coefficient increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting density affected lodging through height, center of gravity, wall thickness, internode length and root weight.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- Planting densitye0
- Outcome
- lodginge0
- Qualifier
- regulating plant height, height of center of gravity, stem wall thickness, internode length, and root fresh weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Planting density affects lodging by regulating plant height, height of center of gravity, stem wall thickness, internode length, and root fresh weight of oat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting density may affect lodging resistance through lignin and crude fiber synthesis and stem strength.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativat0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Qualifier
- modulating the synthesis of lignin and crude fibere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“it can impact stem mechanical strength by modulating the synthesis of lignin and crude fiber, which in turn affecting lodging resistance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphological and mechanical traits were identified as indicators of stem lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Outcome
- stem lodging resistancee0
- Qualifier
- important indicatorse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height, height of center of gravity, stem wall thickness, internode length, root fresh weight, breaking strength, compressive strength, lignin and crude fiber content, single-plant weight, grain yield and 1,000-grain weight can serve as important indicators for evaluating oat stem lodging resistance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting density affected grain yield directly and indirectly through lodging.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- by affecting lodginge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“planting density affected grain yield both directly and indirectly (by affecting lodging)”
Claim · model-written summary
High density increased lodging rate.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- high densitye0
- Outcome
- lodging ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“high density increased lodging rate and decreased grain yield, mainly by reducing 1,000-grain weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
High density decreased grain yield, mainly through reduced 1,000-grain weight.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- high densitye0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- mainly by reducing 1,000-grain weighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“high density increased lodging rate and decreased grain yield, mainly by reducing 1,000-grain weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lodging had no significant relationship with grass yield.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativat0
- Outcome
- grass yielde0
- Comparator
- lodginge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“oat”
e0“there was no significant relationship between lodging and grass yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
The density 4.5×10 6 plants/ha was best for lodging resistance and grass and grain yield.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- 4.5×10 6 plants/ha (D2)e0
- Outcome
- lodging resistance and grass and grain yielde0
- Direction
- beste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4.5×10 6 plants/ha (D2) was found to be the best planting density for oat in terms of lodging resistance and grass and grain yield.”
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