Abstract
Abstract Intercropping kura clover ( Trifolium ambiguum ) (KC) with prairie cordgrass ( Spartina pectinata ) (PCG) has great potential for biofuel feedstock on marginal lands. This study evaluated the impacts of 10‐year PCG‐KC intercropping and PCG monoculture fertilized with different nitrogen (N) rates of granular urea (five treatments: PCG‐KC, PCG‐0N, PCG‐75N, PCG‐150N, and PCG‐225N) on soil biogeochemical properties: (i) in the surface soil (0‐ to 10‐cm depth) at three different sampling times during the crop growing season: spring (April, pre‐emergence), summer (June, active growth), and fall (November, post‐harvest); and (ii) at different soil depths (0–5, 5–15, 15–30, 30–45, and 45–60 cm) (only total carbon (C) and N) in fall 2021. All soil biogeochemical parameters were higher during summer as compared to spring and/or fall, except urease activity, ammonium‐N, microbial biomass C and N, and fluorescein diacetate (FDA). On average over the sampling times, PCG‐KC had significantly higher β‐glucosidase activity and hot‐water extractable organic N than PCG‐0N; but no significant difference between PCG‐KC and N‐fertilized PCG. Cold‐water extractable organic N was significantly lower than the highest N rate, but not significantly different from PCG‐0N and lower N rate treatments. Urease activity under PCG‐KC treatment was double that of PCG‐0N and PCG‐75N; FDA was higher in PCG‐KC than all monocultures. No treatment effect was found on soil total C and N, except that they decreased with depth. Overall, intercropping PCG‐KC showed some benefits in terms of promoting soil biogeochemical properties during crop growth periods, having lower residual reactive N in the soil, and maintaining biomass yield and quality on marginal lands.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Soil biogeochemical parameters were higher in summer than in spring and/or fall, except urease activity, ammonium-N, microbial biomass C and N, and FDA.
- Taxon
- prairie cordgrass
Sporobolus michauxianust0 - Outcome
- soil biogeochemical parameterse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- except urease activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“prairie cordgrass with kura clover”
e0“All soil biogeochemical parameters were higher during summer as compared to spring and/or fall, except urease activity, ammonium‐N, microbial biomass C and N, and fluorescein diacetate (FDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Averaged over sampling times, PCG-KC had significantly higher beta-glucosidase activity and hot-water extractable organic N than PCG-0N.
- Taxon
- prairie cordgrassSporobolus michauxianust0
- Treatment
- PCG‐KCe0
- Outcome
- β‐glucosidase activity and hot‐water extractable organic Ne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- PCG‐0Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“prairie cordgrass with kura clover”
e0“PCG‐KC had significantly higher β‐glucosidase activity and hot‐water extractable organic N than PCG‐0N”
Claim · model-written summary
There was no significant difference between PCG-KC and N-fertilized PCG in beta-glucosidase activity and hot-water extractable organic N.
- Taxon
- prairie cordgrassSporobolus michauxianust0
- Treatment
- PCG‐KCe0
- Outcome
- β‐glucosidase activity and hot‐water extractable organic Ne0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- N‐fertilized PCGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“prairie cordgrass with kura clover”
e0“PCG‐KC had significantly higher β‐glucosidase activity and hot‐water extractable organic N than PCG‐0N; but no significant difference between PCG‐KC and N‐fertilized PCG”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold-water extractable organic N was significantly lower than at the highest N rate.
- Taxon
- prairie cordgrassSporobolus michauxianust0
- Outcome
- Cold‐water extractable organic Ne0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- the highest N ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“prairie cordgrass with kura clover”
e0“Cold‐water extractable organic N was significantly lower than the highest N rate, but not significantly different from PCG‐0N and lower N rate treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold-water extractable organic N was not significantly different from PCG-0N and lower N rate treatments.
- Taxon
- prairie cordgrassSporobolus michauxianust0
- Outcome
- Cold‐water extractable organic Ne0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Comparator
- PCG‐0N and lower N rate treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“prairie cordgrass with kura clover”
e0“Cold‐water extractable organic N was significantly lower than the highest N rate, but not significantly different from PCG‐0N and lower N rate treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Urease activity under PCG-KC was double that of PCG-0N and PCG-75N.
- Taxon
- prairie cordgrassSporobolus michauxianust0
- Treatment
- PCG‐KCe0
- Outcome
- Urease activitye0
- Direction
- doublee0
- Comparator
- PCG‐0N and PCG‐75Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“prairie cordgrass with kura clover”
e0“Urease activity under PCG‐KC treatment was double that of PCG‐0N and PCG‐75N”
Claim · model-written summary
FDA was higher in PCG-KC than in all monocultures.
- Taxon
- prairie cordgrassSporobolus michauxianust0
- Treatment
- PCG‐KCe0
- Outcome
- FDAe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- all monoculturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“prairie cordgrass with kura clover”
e0“FDA was higher in PCG‐KC than all monocultures”
Claim · model-written summary
No treatment effect was found on soil total C and N.
- Taxon
- prairie cordgrassSporobolus michauxianust0
- Outcome
- soil total C and Ne0
- Direction
- No treatment effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“prairie cordgrass with kura clover”
e0“No treatment effect was found on soil total C and N”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil total C and N decreased with depth.
- Taxon
- prairie cordgrassSporobolus michauxianust0
- Outcome
- soil total C and Ne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- with depthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“prairie cordgrass with kura clover”
e0“No treatment effect was found on soil total C and N, except that they decreased with depth”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that PCG-KC intercropping left lower residual reactive N in the soil.
- Taxon
- prairie cordgrassSporobolus michauxianust0
- Outcome
- residual reactive N in the soile0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“prairie cordgrass with kura clover”
e0“having lower residual reactive N in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that intercropping maintained biomass yield and quality on marginal lands.
- Taxon
- prairie cordgrassSporobolus michauxianust0
- Outcome
- biomass yield and qualitye0
- Direction
- maintaininge0
- Setting
- marginal landse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“prairie cordgrass with kura clover”
e0“maintaining biomass yield and quality on marginal lands”