Abstract
Inducing adventitious root (AR) formation in mature walnut species (Juglans L.) is challenging. However, the AR formation of mature trees can be improved by rejuvenation. In rejuvenated cuttings, exogenous indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is essential for AR formation, and the underlying mechanism is still not well understood. Therefore, we utilized transcriptome sequencing to investigate the mechanism of IBA-induced AR formation. Our results revealed that, in comparison to the control group, IBA treatment (9 mM) significantly increased the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content, leading to an enhanced rooting rate. We performed RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the IBA-treated and control (CK) groups at 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after cutting (DAC). The results showed that, compared to the control cuttings, there were 1 539, 889, 785, and 984 up-regulated genes and 2 791, 2 936, 3 017, and 1 752 down-regulated genes, at 1, 2, 3, and 5 DAC, respectively. Analysis of RNA-seq data revealed that G-type ATP-binding cassette 36/37 (ABCG36/37) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily D 1 (ABCD1), associated with IBA transport, were down-regulated in the rejuvenation cuttings. In contrast, PIN-FORMED (PIN) and PINOID (PID), associated with auxin efflux, were up-regulated. We identified 49 auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA)-encoding genes, including IAA1, IAA3, IAA5, IAA6, IAA8, IAA11, IAA12, IAA19, and IAA20, which were up-regulated at 1–5 DAC in the rejuvenated cuttings. This study highlights that the overexpression of JrWOX5/11 in poplar significantly enhance AR growth, as evidenced by increased root length, surface area, volume, and quantity. Moreover, the co-expression network analysis involving JrWOX11 and JrWOX5 in walnut cuttings elucidates complex genetic interactions, underscoring their pivotal role in the formation of AR. Our data supported the following molecular mechanism of IBA-induced adventitious root formation. Firstly, IBA is converted to free IAA in peroxisomes. Then, the highly concentrated IAA in the procambium and parenchyma cells induces WUSCHEL-related homeobox 11 (WOX11) expression at 2 days. Finally, WOX11 acts redundantly to up-regulate WOX5, initiating the development of root primordia cells.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
IBA increased endogenous IAA content in walnut cuttings relative to controls.
- Taxon
- walnutt0
- Treatment
- IBA treatment (9 mM)e0
- Outcome
- endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“IBA treatment (9 mM) significantly increased the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content”
t0“walnut”
Claim · model-written summary
IBA enhanced rooting rate in walnut cuttings.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“IBA treatment (9 mM) significantly increased the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content, leading to an enhanced rooting rate”
t0“walnut”
Claim · model-written summary
IBA treated cuttings had 1 539, 889, 785, and 984 up regulated genes at 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after cutting.
Verbatim
e0“1 539, 889, 785, and 984 up-regulated genes”
e1“at 1, 2, 3, and 5 DAC, respectively”
t0“walnut”
Claim · model-written summary
IBA treated cuttings had 2 791, 2 936, 3 017, and 1 752 down regulated genes at 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after cutting.
Verbatim
e0“2 791, 2 936, 3 017, and 1 752 down-regulated genes”
e1“at 1, 2, 3, and 5 DAC, respectively”
t0“walnut”
Claim · model-written summary
ABCG36/37 and ABCD1 were down regulated in rejuvenated walnut cuttings.
Verbatim
e0“G-type ATP-binding cassette 36/37 (ABCG36/37) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily D 1 (ABCD1), associated with IBA transport, were down-regulated in the rejuvenation cuttings”
t0“walnut”
Claim · model-written summary
PIN and PID were up regulated in rejuvenated walnut cuttings.
Verbatim
e0“PIN-FORMED (PIN) and PINOID (PID), associated with auxin efflux, were up-regulated”
t0“walnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Forty nine AUX/IAA encoding genes were up regulated at 1–5 days after cutting.
Verbatim
e0“49 auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA)-encoding genes, including IAA1, IAA3, IAA5, IAA6, IAA8, IAA11, IAA12, IAA19, and IAA20, which were up-regulated at 1–5 DAC”
t0“walnut”
Claim · model-written summary
JrWOX5/11 overexpression increased root length, surface area and volume in poplar.
- Treatment
- overexpression of JrWOX5/11e0
- Gene
- JrWOX5/11e0
- Outcome
- root length, surface area, volumee0
- Direction
- increasede0
PopulusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overexpression of JrWOX5/11 in poplar significantly enhance AR growth, as evidenced by increased root length, surface area, volume, and quantity”
Claim · model-written summary
JrWOX5/11 overexpression increased root quantity in poplar.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overexpression of JrWOX5/11 in poplar significantly enhance AR growth, as evidenced by increased root length, surface area, volume, and quantity”
Claim · model-written summary
Walnut cuttings showed coexpression interactions involving JrWOX11 and JrWOX5 during adventitious rooting.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“co-expression network analysis involving JrWOX11 and JrWOX5 in walnut cuttings elucidates complex genetic interactions, underscoring their pivotal role in the formation of AR”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that IBA converts to free IAA in peroxisomes.
Verbatim
e0“IBA is converted to free IAA in peroxisomes”
t0“walnut”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that concentrated IAA induces WOX11 expression at 2 days.
Verbatim
e0“highly concentrated IAA in the procambium and parenchyma cells induces WUSCHEL-related homeobox 11 (WOX11) expression at 2 days”
t0“walnut”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that WOX11 up regulates WOX5 to initiate root primordia development.
Verbatim
e0“WOX11 acts redundantly to up-regulate WOX5, initiating the development of root primordia cells”
t0“walnut”
The same questions in other papers
indole-3-butyric acid · growth · Juglans (walnuts)Results agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.