Abstract
Agroforestry is a promising way to sustain land use efficiency in semi-arid areas. In this study, we introduce quinoa as a drought- and salinity-tolerant crop in olive-based agroforestry. We investigated how the microclimate created by olive trees affects agronomic and biochemical traits in quinoa and evaluated the performance of this new olive-based agroforestry system in terms of land equivalent ratio (LER). Field experiments were carried out under two pedoclimatic conditions (S1) and (S2) using a randomized complete block design with two cropping systems (sole crop (SCS) and agroforestry (AFS) systems), four quinoa cultivars (Puno, Titicaca, ICBA-Q5, and ICBA-Q4) and one olive orchard as a control (OR) in each block. Our results show that AFS had lower grain yield (−45%), dry biomass (−49%), and crop water productivity (−44%), but higher plant height (12%), grain protein (4%), saponin (26%), total polyphenol (12%), and DPPH (9%) contents compared to SCS. The highest grain yield was recorded for Titicaca and ICBA-Q5 (1.6 t ha−1). The LER ranged from 1.57 to 2.07, indicating that the overall productivity was 57% to 107% higher in the agroforestry system compared with the monoculture. We suggest that quinoa–olive tree intercropping could be a promising agroecological practice under semi-arid conditions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Agroforestry reduced quinoa grain yield by 45% relative to sole cropping.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AFS had lower grain yield (−45%)”
t0“Quinoa–Olive”
Claim · model-written summary
Agroforestry reduced quinoa dry biomass by 49%.
- Taxon
- Quinoa
Chenopodium quinoat0 - Outcome
- dry biomasse0
- Value
- −49%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry biomass (−49%)”
t0“Quinoa–Olive”
Claim · model-written summary
Agroforestry reduced quinoa crop water productivity by 44%.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- crop water productivitye0
- Value
- −44%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crop water productivity (−44%)”
t0“Quinoa–Olive”
Claim · model-written summary
Agroforestry increased quinoa plant height by 12%.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher plant height (12%)”
t0“Quinoa–Olive”
Claim · model-written summary
Agroforestry increased quinoa grain protein by 4%.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- grain proteine0
- Value
- 4%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain protein (4%)”
t0“Quinoa–Olive”
Claim · model-written summary
Agroforestry increased quinoa saponin by 26%.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- saponine0
- Value
- 26%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“saponin (26%)”
t0“Quinoa–Olive”
Claim · model-written summary
Agroforestry increased quinoa total polyphenol by 12%.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- total polyphenole0
- Value
- 12%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total polyphenol (12%)”
t0“Quinoa–Olive”
Claim · model-written summary
Agroforestry increased quinoa DPPH content by 9%.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- DPPHe0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Comparator
- SCSe0
Not reportedTreatmentDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DPPH (9%) contents compared to SCS”
t0“Quinoa–Olive”
Claim · model-written summary
Titicaca reached a highest grain yield of 1.6 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Titicacae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.6 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest grain yield was recorded for Titicaca and ICBA-Q5 (1.6 t ha−1)”
t0“Quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
ICBA-Q5 reached a highest grain yield of 1.6 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- ICBA-Q5e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.6 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest grain yield was recorded for Titicaca and ICBA-Q5 (1.6 t ha−1)”
t0“Quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
The agroforestry land equivalent ratio ranged from 1.57 to 2.07.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- LERe0
- Value
- 1.57 to 2.07e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LER ranged from 1.57 to 2.07”
t0“Quinoa–Olive”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall agroforestry productivity was 57% to 107% higher than monoculture.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- agroforestry systeme0
- Outcome
- overall productivitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 57% to 107%e0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overall productivity was 57% to 107% higher in the agroforestry system compared with the monoculture”
t0“Quinoa–Olive”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend quinoa–olive intercropping in semi-arid conditions.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae0
- Outcome
- quinoa–olive tree intercroppinge0
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quinoa–olive tree intercropping could be a promising agroecological practice under semi-arid conditions”
The same questions in other papers
intercropping · yield · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.