Abstract
Plastic film mulching improves the soil water content and temperature and, thus, contributes to enhanced grain yield in arid and semi-arid areas, such as Northwest China. However, in traditional film-covering methods, plastic films are difficult to recycle, causing environmental issues. Therefore, developing cultivation methods with enhanced film recovery rates is important for sustainable agricultural development. Here, we evaluated how the planting method affected the soil temperature, water content, film recovery rate, and grain yield by applying the following three planting patterns to the traditional crop, foxtail millet, in 2021–2022: no plastic film mulching (NP), plastic film mulching (MP), and planting on the film edge (PFE); in the latter, holes were not punched in the film and crops were planted approximately 5 cm from the film edge. The results for 2021 showed that the biomass ranged from 27.69 g to 33.76 g per plant, and the biomass was increased by 21.9% and 3.2% in PFE compared with NP and MP, respectively. However, in 2022, the biomass increased in PFE by 52.5% and 17.7% compared with NP and MP, respectively. In 2021, the highest grain yield was observed in PFE (2480 kg/hm2), followed by MP (2470 kg/hm2) and NP (2343 kg/hm2); in 2022, a significantly higher grain yield was observed in PFE than that in MP and NP. Although the soil temperature increased in PFE, it was not as high as in MP. The relatively higher soil temperature increased the root growth process, stimulated the production of root exudates (acetic acid and citric acid), and increased the soil enzyme (sucrase and urease) activity. Increases in organic acids and soil enzymes assisted in the decomposition of soil organic matter and induced relatively higher levels of available nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and the higher root reuse rates contributed to higher grain yields. In addition, fewer holes were punched in the film of the PFE model, which improved film recovery, and the recovery rate of PFE was higher than that of MP. These results indicate that the proposed unperforated film-covered planting pattern is suitable for millet production in sandy soil.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
In 2021, foxtail millet biomass under PFE was 21.9% higher than under NP.
- Taxon
- foxtail millet
Setaria italicat0 - Treatment
- PFEe1
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 21.9%e1
- Comparator
- NPe1
- Setting
- 2021e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e1“The results for 2021 showed that the biomass ranged from 27.69 g to 33.76 g per plant, and the biomass was increased by 21.9% and 3.2% in PFE compared with NP and MP, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2021, foxtail millet biomass under PFE was 3.2% higher than under MP.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- PFEe1
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 3.2%e1
- Comparator
- MPe1
- Setting
- 2021e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e1“The results for 2021 showed that the biomass ranged from 27.69 g to 33.76 g per plant, and the biomass was increased by 21.9% and 3.2% in PFE compared with NP and MP, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022, foxtail millet biomass under PFE was 52.5% higher than under NP.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- PFEe2
- Outcome
- biomasse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 52.5%e2
- Comparator
- NPe2
- Setting
- 2022e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e2“However, in 2022, the biomass increased in PFE by 52.5% and 17.7% compared with NP and MP, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022, foxtail millet biomass under PFE was 17.7% higher than under MP.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- PFEe2
- Outcome
- biomasse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 17.7%e2
- Comparator
- MPe2
- Setting
- 2022e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e2“However, in 2022, the biomass increased in PFE by 52.5% and 17.7% compared with NP and MP, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2021, the highest foxtail millet grain yield was under PFE, at 2480 kg/hm2.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- PFEe3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 2480 kg/hm2e3
- Qualifier
- followed by MP (2470 kg/hm2) and NP (2343 kg/hm2)e3
- Comparator
- MPe3
- Setting
- 2021e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e3“In 2021, the highest grain yield was observed in PFE (2480 kg/hm2), followed by MP (2470 kg/hm2) and NP (2343 kg/hm2)”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2021, foxtail millet grain yield under MP (2470 kg/hm2) was higher than under NP.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- plastic film mulching (MP)e4
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 2470 kg/hm2e3
- Comparator
- no plastic film mulching (NP)e4
- Setting
- 2021e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e3“In 2021, the highest grain yield was observed in PFE (2480 kg/hm2), followed by MP (2470 kg/hm2) and NP (2343 kg/hm2)”
e4“no plastic film mulching (NP), plastic film mulching (MP), and planting on the film edge (PFE)”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2021, foxtail millet grain yield under NP (2343 kg/hm2) was lower than under MP.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- no plastic film mulching (NP)e4
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- lowerinferrede3
- Value
- 2343 kg/hm2e3
- Comparator
- plastic film mulching (MP)e4
- Setting
- 2021e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e3“In 2021, the highest grain yield was observed in PFE (2480 kg/hm2), followed by MP (2470 kg/hm2) and NP (2343 kg/hm2)”
e4“no plastic film mulching (NP), plastic film mulching (MP), and planting on the film edge (PFE)”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022, foxtail millet grain yield was significantly higher under PFE than under MP and NP.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- PFEe4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- significantly highere4
- Comparator
- MP and NPe4
- Setting
- 2022e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e4“in 2022, a significantly higher grain yield was observed in PFE than that in MP and NP”
Claim · model-written summary
Under PFE, soil temperature rose but stayed below that under MP.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- PFEe5
- Outcome
- soil temperaturee5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- it was not as high as in MPe5
- Comparator
- MPe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e5“Although the soil temperature increased in PFE, it was not as high as in MP”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher soil temperature under PFE increased the root growth process of foxtail millet.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- relatively higher soil temperaturee6
- Outcome
- root growth processe6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e6“The relatively higher soil temperature increased the root growth process, stimulated the production of root exudates (acetic acid and citric acid), and increased the soil enzyme (sucrase and urease) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher soil temperature under PFE stimulated production of root exudates, acetic acid and citric acid.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- relatively higher soil temperaturee6
- Compound
- acetic acid and citric acide6
- Outcome
- production of root exudatese6
- Direction
- stimulatede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e6“The relatively higher soil temperature increased the root growth process, stimulated the production of root exudates (acetic acid and citric acid), and increased the soil enzyme (sucrase and urease) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher soil temperature under PFE increased soil enzyme (sucrase and urease) activity.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- relatively higher soil temperaturee6
- Outcome
- soil enzyme (sucrase and urease) activitye6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e6“The relatively higher soil temperature increased the root growth process, stimulated the production of root exudates (acetic acid and citric acid), and increased the soil enzyme (sucrase and urease) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Increases in organic acids and soil enzymes assisted decomposition of soil organic matter.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- Increases in organic acids and soil enzymese7
- Compound
- organic acidse7
- Outcome
- decomposition of soil organic mattere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e7“Increases in organic acids and soil enzymes assisted in the decomposition of soil organic matter and induced relatively higher levels of available nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and the higher root reuse rates contributed to higher grain yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Increases in organic acids and soil enzymes induced higher levels of available nitrogen and phosphorus.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- Increases in organic acids and soil enzymese7
- Outcome
- available nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphoruse7
- Direction
- highere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e7“Increases in organic acids and soil enzymes assisted in the decomposition of soil organic matter and induced relatively higher levels of available nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and the higher root reuse rates contributed to higher grain yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher root reuse rates contributed to higher foxtail millet grain yields.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse7
- Qualifier
- higher root reuse ratese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e7“Increases in organic acids and soil enzymes assisted in the decomposition of soil organic matter and induced relatively higher levels of available nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and the higher root reuse rates contributed to higher grain yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Fewer holes in the PFE film improved film recovery.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- fewer holes were punched in the film of the PFE modele1
- Outcome
- film recoverye1
- Direction
- improvede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e1“In addition, fewer holes were punched in the film of the PFE model, which improved film recovery, and the recovery rate of PFE was higher than that of MP”
Claim · model-written summary
The film recovery rate under PFE was higher than under MP.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- PFEe1
- Outcome
- recovery ratee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- MPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e1“In addition, fewer holes were punched in the film of the PFE model, which improved film recovery, and the recovery rate of PFE was higher than that of MP”
Claim · model-written summary
The unperforated film-covered planting pattern is suitable for millet production in sandy soil.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- proposed unperforated film-covered planting patterne1
- Outcome
- suitable for millet production in sandy soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e1“These results indicate that the proposed unperforated film-covered planting pattern is suitable for millet production in sandy soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Foxtail millet biomass ranged from 27.69 g to 33.76 g per plant in 2021.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicat0
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Value
- 27.69 g to 33.76 g per plante1
- Setting
- 2021e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“foxtail millet”
e1“The results for 2021 showed that the biomass ranged from 27.69 g to 33.76 g per plant, and the biomass was increased by 21.9% and 3.2% in PFE compared with NP and MP, respectively”
The same questions in other papers
mulching · yield · Setaria italica (foxtail millet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.