Abstract
Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils, especially from cadmium (Cd) contaminationcaused serious problems in both food security and economy. Sorghum bicolor (L.) showed a great potential in phytoremediation of Cd contamination due to its fast growth, high yield and easy harvesting. However, the growth of S. bicolor plants tends to be inhibited under Cd exposure, which limited its application for Cd remediation. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria may enhance the Cd resistance of S. bicolor and thus improve its Cd removal efficiency. In this study, three Cd-resistant bacteria were screened based on Cd and acid tolerance and identified as Bacillus velezensis QZG6, Enterobacter cloacae QZS3 and Bacillus cereus QZS8, by 16S rRNA sequencing. Inoculation of hydroponic plants with strains QZG6, QZS3 or QZS8 significantly promoted the biomass of sorghum plants by 31.52%, 50.20% and 26.93%, respectively, compared with those of uninoculated plants under Cd exposure. The activity of SOD, POD and MDA content in Cd-stressed S. bicolor plants were reduced of 65.74%, 31.52%, and 80.91%, respectively, when inoculated with the strains QZS3. For pot experiment, strains QZG6, QZS3 and QZS8 significantly promoted the biomass of sorghum plants by 47.30%, 19.27% and 58.47%, compared with those of uninoculated plants under Cd exposure. The activity of SOD, POD and MDA content in Cd-stressed S. bicolor plants were reduced of 67.20%, 22.40%, and 40.65%, respectively, when inoculated with the strains QZS3. All these three strains significantly increased the Cd removal efficiency of the plants by 42.16% (QZG6), 18.76% (QZS3) and 21.06% (QZS8). To investigate the bacterial characteristics associated with growth promotion of S. bicolor plants, the ability on nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, siderophores production, and phytohormones production were determined. All the strains were able to fix nitrogen. Phosphorus release was observed for strains QZG6 (inorganic or organic phosphorus) and QZS3 (inorganic phosphorus). Both QZG6 and QZS8 were able to produce siderophores, while only QZG6 was positive for ACC deaminase. All the strains produced IAA, SA and GA. These results indicated that the three strains promoted the plant growth under Cd stress, probably through Cd detoxification by siderophores, as well as through growth regulation by N/P nutrient supply and phytohormone. The present study showed a great potential of the three Cd-resistant strains combined with S. bicolor plants in the remediation of Cd-polluted soils, which may provide a new insight into combining the advantages of microbes and plants to improve the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Three Cd-resistant bacteria were identified as Bacillus velezensis QZG6, Enterobacter cloacae QZS3 and Bacillus cereus QZS8 by 16S rRNA sequencing.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum bicolort0 - Interactor
- Bacillus velezensis QZG6
Bacillus velezensise1symbiont - Second interactor
- Enterobacter cloacae QZS3
Enterobacter cloacaee1symbiont - Outcome
- Cd-resistant bacteriae1
- Qualifier
- by 16S rRNA sequencinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“three Cd-resistant bacteria were screened based on Cd and acid tolerance and identified as Bacillus velezensis QZG6, Enterobacter cloacae QZS3 and Bacillus cereus QZS8, by 16S rRNA sequencing”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZG6 inoculation significantly increased sorghum biomass by 31.52% under Cd exposure in hydroponic culture.
- Treatment
- Inoculation of hydroponic plants with strainse1
- Interactor
- QZG6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Value
- 31.52%e1
- Qualifier
- under Cd exposuree1
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse1
- Setting
- hydroponice1
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Inoculation of hydroponic plants with strains QZG6, QZS3 or QZS8 significantly promoted the biomass of sorghum plants by 31.52%, 50.20% and 26.93%, respectively, compared with those of uninoculated plants under Cd exposure”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS3 inoculation significantly increased sorghum biomass by 50.20% under Cd exposure in hydroponic culture.
- Treatment
- Inoculation of hydroponic plants with strainse1
- Interactor
- QZS3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Value
- 50.20%e1
- Qualifier
- under Cd exposuree1
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse1
- Setting
- hydroponice1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Inoculation of hydroponic plants with strains QZG6, QZS3 or QZS8 significantly promoted the biomass of sorghum plants by 31.52%, 50.20% and 26.93%, respectively, compared with those of uninoculated plants under Cd exposure”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS8 inoculation significantly increased sorghum biomass by 26.93% under Cd exposure in hydroponic culture.
- Treatment
- Inoculation of hydroponic plants with strainse1
- Interactor
- QZS8e1symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Value
- 26.93%e1
- Qualifier
- under Cd exposuree1
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse1
- Setting
- hydroponice1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Inoculation of hydroponic plants with strains QZG6, QZS3 or QZS8 significantly promoted the biomass of sorghum plants by 31.52%, 50.20% and 26.93%, respectively, compared with those of uninoculated plants under Cd exposure”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS3 inoculation reduced SOD activity by 65.74% in Cd-stressed sorghum (hydroponic).
- Taxon
- S. bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- inoculated with the strains QZS3e1
- Interactor
- QZS3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- activity of SODe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 65.74%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The activity of SOD, POD and MDA content in Cd-stressed S. bicolor plants were reduced of 65.74%, 31.52%, and 80.91%, respectively, when inoculated with the strains QZS3”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS3 inoculation reduced POD activity by 31.52% in Cd-stressed sorghum (hydroponic).
- Taxon
- S. bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- inoculated with the strains QZS3e1
- Interactor
- QZS3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- PODe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 31.52%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The activity of SOD, POD and MDA content in Cd-stressed S. bicolor plants were reduced of 65.74%, 31.52%, and 80.91%, respectively, when inoculated with the strains QZS3”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS3 inoculation reduced MDA content by 80.91% in Cd-stressed sorghum (hydroponic).
- Taxon
- S. bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- inoculated with the strains QZS3e1
- Interactor
- QZS3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- MDA contente1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 80.91%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The activity of SOD, POD and MDA content in Cd-stressed S. bicolor plants were reduced of 65.74%, 31.52%, and 80.91%, respectively, when inoculated with the strains QZS3”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS3 inoculation reduced SOD activity by 67.20% in Cd-stressed sorghum (pot).
- Taxon
- S. bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- inoculated with the strains QZS3e1
- Interactor
- QZS3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- activity of SODe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 67.20%e1
- Setting
- pot experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The activity of SOD, POD and MDA content in Cd-stressed S. bicolor plants were reduced of 67.20%, 22.40%, and 40.65%, respectively, when inoculated with the strains QZS3”
e2“For pot experiment”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS3 inoculation reduced POD activity by 22.40% in Cd-stressed sorghum (pot).
- Taxon
- S. bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- inoculated with the strains QZS3e1
- Interactor
- QZS3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- PODe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 22.40%e1
- Setting
- pot experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The activity of SOD, POD and MDA content in Cd-stressed S. bicolor plants were reduced of 67.20%, 22.40%, and 40.65%, respectively, when inoculated with the strains QZS3”
e2“For pot experiment”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS3 inoculation reduced MDA content by 40.65% in Cd-stressed sorghum (pot).
- Taxon
- S. bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- inoculated with the strains QZS3e1
- Interactor
- QZS3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- MDA contente1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 40.65%e1
- Setting
- pot experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The activity of SOD, POD and MDA content in Cd-stressed S. bicolor plants were reduced of 67.20%, 22.40%, and 40.65%, respectively, when inoculated with the strains QZS3”
e2“For pot experiment”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZG6 inoculation significantly increased sorghum biomass by 47.30% under Cd exposure in pot culture.
- Treatment
- strainse1
- Interactor
- QZG6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Value
- 47.30%e1
- Qualifier
- under Cd exposuree1
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“For pot experiment, strains QZG6, QZS3 and QZS8 significantly promoted the biomass of sorghum plants by 47.30%, 19.27% and 58.47%, compared with those of uninoculated plants under Cd exposure”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS3 inoculation significantly increased sorghum biomass by 19.27% under Cd exposure in pot culture.
- Treatment
- strainse1
- Interactor
- QZS3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Value
- 19.27%e1
- Qualifier
- under Cd exposuree1
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“For pot experiment, strains QZG6, QZS3 and QZS8 significantly promoted the biomass of sorghum plants by 47.30%, 19.27% and 58.47%, compared with those of uninoculated plants under Cd exposure”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS8 inoculation significantly increased sorghum biomass by 58.47% under Cd exposure in pot culture.
- Treatment
- strainse1
- Interactor
- QZS8e1symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Value
- 58.47%e1
- Qualifier
- under Cd exposuree1
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“For pot experiment, strains QZG6, QZS3 and QZS8 significantly promoted the biomass of sorghum plants by 47.30%, 19.27% and 58.47%, compared with those of uninoculated plants under Cd exposure”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZG6 increased Cd removal efficiency of sorghum plants by 42.16%.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- these three strainse1
- Interactor
- QZG6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd removal efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 42.16%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All these three strains significantly increased the Cd removal efficiency of the plants by 42.16% (QZG6), 18.76% (QZS3) and 21.06% (QZS8)”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS3 increased Cd removal efficiency of sorghum plants by 18.76%.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- these three strainse1
- Interactor
- QZS3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd removal efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 18.76%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All these three strains significantly increased the Cd removal efficiency of the plants by 42.16% (QZG6), 18.76% (QZS3) and 21.06% (QZS8)”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain QZS8 increased Cd removal efficiency of sorghum plants by 21.06%.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- these three strainse1
- Interactor
- QZS8e1symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd removal efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 21.06%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All these three strains significantly increased the Cd removal efficiency of the plants by 42.16% (QZG6), 18.76% (QZS3) and 21.06% (QZS8)”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus release was observed for strain QZG6 (inorganic or organic phosphorus) and strain QZS3 (inorganic phosphorus).
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Interactor
- QZG6e1symbiont
- Second interactor
- QZS3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- Phosphorus releasee1
- Qualifier
- inorganic or organic phosphoruse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Phosphorus release was observed for strains QZG6 (inorganic or organic phosphorus) and QZS3 (inorganic phosphorus)”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Strains QZG6 and QZS8 produced siderophores; only QZG6 was ACC deaminase positive.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Interactor
- QZG6e1symbiont
- Second interactor
- QZS8e1symbiont
- Outcome
- produce siderophorese1
- Qualifier
- only QZG6 was positive for ACC deaminasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Both QZG6 and QZS8 were able to produce siderophores, while only QZG6 was positive for ACC deaminase”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
All strains were able to fix nitrogen and produced IAA, SA and GA.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Interactor
- strainse1symbiont
- Outcome
- fix nitrogene1
- Qualifier
- produced IAA, SA and GAe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All the strains were able to fix nitrogen”
e2“All the strains produced IAA, SA and GA”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that the strains promote sorghum growth under Cd stress probably through siderophore-mediated Cd detoxification and N/P nutrition and phytohormones.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Compound
- siderophorese1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Qualifier
- Cd detoxificatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These results indicated that the three strains promoted the plant growth under Cd stress, probably through Cd detoxification by siderophores, as well as through growth regulation by N/P nutrient supply and phytohormone”
t0“growth promotion of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench”
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