Abstract
Grafted cucumber plants were grown in a new hydroponic system (“Kappa Land”, Mitsubishi Chemical Aqua Solutions, Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Two different nutrient management methods were applied to the plants as treatments: Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM). During the growth period, we examined plant growth characteristics and productivity, fruit growth characteristics and quality, and nutrient use characteristics. The results revealed that the QNM technique significantly reduced the nutrient supply rate per plant for Ca2+, SO42−, and N by 28.5%, 25.5%, and 23.3%, respectively. Similarly, the absorption rates per plant of SO42−, K+, and PO43− were reduced by 17.8%, 11.9%, and 10.9%, respectively. However, N, Ca2+, and Mg2+ absorption rates slightly increased in the QNM treatment. The nutrient wastes generated per kilogram of produced fruits were also reduced by 66.4%, 60.7%, and 30.2% for N, Ca2+, and SO42−, respectively. Although the QNM technique reduced the plant’s leaf area, it significantly increased its total length by 9.4%. The total and marketable yields were not significantly different between the ECM (9.0 and 8.0 kg plant−1) and QNM (9.1 and 8.2 kg plant−1) treatments. However, the QNM treatment produced the highest total dry matter of 617 g plant−1, surpassing the ECM treatment by 6.9%. On the other hand, differences in nutrient management methods did not significantly affect fruit quality, including total soluble solids, water content, skin color, size, and shape. These results suggest that with the QNM method, it is possible to produce quality cucumbers with high nutrient use efficiency while protecting the environment from nutrient wastes.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
QNM reduced cucumber Ca2+ supply per plant by 28.5% relative to ECM.
- Taxon
- Cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- nutrient supply rate per plant for Ca2+e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 28.5%e0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that the QNM technique significantly reduced the nutrient supply rate per plant for Ca2+, SO42−, and N by 28.5%, 25.5%, and 23.3%, respectively.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM reduced cucumber SO42− supply per plant by 25.5% relative to ECM.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- nutrient supply rate per plant for Ca2+, SO42−, and Ne0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25.5%e0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that the QNM technique significantly reduced the nutrient supply rate per plant for Ca2+, SO42−, and N by 28.5%, 25.5%, and 23.3%, respectively.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM reduced cucumber N supply per plant by 23.3% relative to ECM.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- nutrient supply rate per plant for Ca2+, SO42−, and Ne0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 23.3%e0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that the QNM technique significantly reduced the nutrient supply rate per plant for Ca2+, SO42−, and N by 28.5%, 25.5%, and 23.3%, respectively.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM reduced cucumber SO42− absorption per plant by 17.8%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- absorption rates per plant of SO42−e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17.8%e0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the absorption rates per plant of SO42−, K+, and PO43− were reduced by 17.8%, 11.9%, and 10.9%, respectively.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM reduced cucumber K+ absorption per plant by 11.9%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- absorption rates per plant of SO42−, K+, and PO43−e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11.9%e0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the absorption rates per plant of SO42−, K+, and PO43− were reduced by 17.8%, 11.9%, and 10.9%, respectively.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM reduced cucumber PO43− absorption per plant by 10.9%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- absorption rates per plant of SO42−, K+, and PO43−e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10.9%e0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the absorption rates per plant of SO42−, K+, and PO43− were reduced by 17.8%, 11.9%, and 10.9%, respectively.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM slightly increased cucumber N, Ca2+, and Mg2+ absorption rates.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- N, Ca2+, and Mg2+ absorption ratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N, Ca2+, and Mg2+ absorption rates slightly increased in the QNM treatment.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM reduced N waste per kilogram of cucumber fruit by 66.4%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- nutrient wastes generated per kilogram of produced fruitse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 66.4%e0
- Qualifier
- Ne0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nutrient wastes generated per kilogram of produced fruits were also reduced by 66.4%, 60.7%, and 30.2% for N, Ca2+, and SO42−, respectively.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM reduced Ca2+ waste per kilogram of cucumber fruit by 60.7%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- nutrient wastes generated per kilogram of produced fruitse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 60.7%e0
- Qualifier
- Ca2+e0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nutrient wastes generated per kilogram of produced fruits were also reduced by 66.4%, 60.7%, and 30.2% for N, Ca2+, and SO42−, respectively.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM reduced SO42− waste per kilogram of cucumber fruit by 30.2%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- nutrient wastes generated per kilogram of produced fruitse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30.2%e0
- Qualifier
- SO42−e0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nutrient wastes generated per kilogram of produced fruits were also reduced by 66.4%, 60.7%, and 30.2% for N, Ca2+, and SO42−, respectively.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM reduced cucumber leaf area relative to ECM.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the QNM technique reduced the plant’s leaf area”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM increased cucumber total length by 9.4% relative to ECM.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- total lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.4%e0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it significantly increased its total length by 9.4%.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Total cucumber yields did not differ significantly between ECM and QNM.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe0
- Outcome
- total and marketable yieldse0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Value
- 9.1 and 8.2 kg plant−1e0
- Qualifier
- 9.0 and 8.0 kg plant−1e0
- Comparator
- ECMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total and marketable yields were not significantly different between the ECM (9.0 and 8.0 kg plant−1) and QNM (9.1 and 8.2 kg plant−1) treatments.”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
QNM produced 617 g plant−1 total dry matter, 6.9% above ECM.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe0
- Outcome
- total dry mattere0
- Direction
- surpassinge0
- Value
- 617 g plant−1e0
- Qualifier
- 6.9%e0
- Comparator
- ECMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the QNM treatment produced the highest total dry matter of 617 g plant−1, surpassing the ECM treatment by 6.9%.”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient management method did not significantly affect cucumber fruit quality traits.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- QNMe1
- Outcome
- fruit quality, including total soluble solids, water content, skin color, size, and shapee0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
- Comparator
- ECMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“differences in nutrient management methods did not significantly affect fruit quality, including total soluble solids, water content, skin color, size, and shape.”
e1“Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM).”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude QNM can produce quality cucumbers with high nutrient use efficiency while reducing nutrient waste.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- produce quality cucumbers with high nutrient use efficiency while protecting the environment from nutrient wastese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the QNM method, it is possible to produce quality cucumbers with high nutrient use efficiency while protecting the environment from nutrient wastes.”
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