Abstract
Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the alterations in physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional reactions in the flag leaf of rice following the application of Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF) at both ambient (aCO 2 ; 395 ppm) and enhanced (eCO 2 ; 550 ppm) carbon dioxide levels. A comparatively smaller percentage change was observed in the photosynthetic parameters, including photosynthetic rate, respiration, and stomatal conductance, subsequent to the introduction of BF in the elevated carbon dioxide (eCO 2 ) environment. Furthermore, biochemical analysis revealed a noteworthy elevation in photosynthetic pigments, total sugar, proline, and ascorbate peroxidase concentration levels in plants treated with BF under ambient and increased carbon dioxide conditions. The buildup of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) was shown to be increased in rice treated with BF under both conditions. Moreover, ICP‐MS analysis demonstrated an augmentation in the levels of vital micronutrients in the experimental group while observing no alterations in the carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio within the flag leaf. The examination of transcriptional responses in the flag leaf demonstrated an increase in the expression of genes associated with the photosynthetic system, amino acid metabolism, several transporters, including aquaporin, and the phosphate pathway, as well as carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Hence, our work elucidates the effective role of Trichoderma in mitigating the adverse consequences associated with elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO 2 ).
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma biofertilizer produced a smaller percentage change in rice flag-leaf photosynthetic rate, respiration and stomatal conductance under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF)e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0symbiont - Outcome
- photosynthetic parameters, including photosynthetic rate, respiration, and stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- smaller percentage changee1
- Setting
- elevated carbon dioxide (eCO 2 ) environmente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flag leaf of rice following the application of Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF) at both ambient (aCO 2 ; 395 ppm) and enhanced (eCO 2 ; 550 ppm) carbon dioxide levels”
e1“A comparatively smaller percentage change was observed in the photosynthetic parameters, including photosynthetic rate, respiration, and stomatal conductance, subsequent to the introduction of BF in the elevated carbon dioxide (eCO 2 ) environment”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma biofertilizer raised photosynthetic pigments, total sugar and proline in rice flag leaves under ambient and elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF)e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, total sugar, prolinee2
- Direction
- elevatione2
- Setting
- ambient and increased carbon dioxide conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flag leaf of rice following the application of Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF) at both ambient (aCO 2 ; 395 ppm) and enhanced (eCO 2 ; 550 ppm) carbon dioxide levels”
e2“biochemical analysis revealed a noteworthy elevation in photosynthetic pigments, total sugar, proline, and ascorbate peroxidase concentration levels in plants treated with BF under ambient and increased carbon dioxide conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma biofertilizer raised ascorbate peroxidase concentration in rice flag leaves under ambient and elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF)e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidasee2
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase concentration levelse2
- Direction
- elevatione2
- Setting
- ambient and increased carbon dioxide conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flag leaf of rice following the application of Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF) at both ambient (aCO 2 ; 395 ppm) and enhanced (eCO 2 ; 550 ppm) carbon dioxide levels”
e2“biochemical analysis revealed a noteworthy elevation in photosynthetic pigments, total sugar, proline, and ascorbate peroxidase concentration levels in plants treated with BF under ambient and increased carbon dioxide conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma biofertilizer increased indole-3-acetic acid buildup in rice under both CO2 conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF)e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- buildup of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA)e4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flag leaf of rice following the application of Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF) at both ambient (aCO 2 ; 395 ppm) and enhanced (eCO 2 ; 550 ppm) carbon dioxide levels”
e4“The buildup of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) was shown to be increased in rice treated with BF under both conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma biofertilizer increased the levels of vital micronutrients in rice treated with it, by ICP-MS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF)e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- levels of vital micronutrientse5
- Direction
- augmentatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flag leaf of rice following the application of Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF) at both ambient (aCO 2 ; 395 ppm) and enhanced (eCO 2 ; 550 ppm) carbon dioxide levels”
e5“ICP‐MS analysis demonstrated an augmentation in the levels of vital micronutrients in the experimental group”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma biofertilizer caused no change in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of rice flag leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe6
- Treatment
- Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF)e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratioe6
- Direction
- no alterationse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flag leaf of rice following the application of Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF) at both ambient (aCO 2 ; 395 ppm) and enhanced (eCO 2 ; 550 ppm) carbon dioxide levels”
e6“observing no alterations in the carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio within the flag leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma biofertilizer increased expression of genes for the photosynthetic system, amino acid metabolism and transporters including aquaporin in rice flag leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF)e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- expression of genes associated with the photosynthetic system, amino acid metabolism, several transporters, including aquaporine7
- Direction
- increasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flag leaf of rice following the application of Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF) at both ambient (aCO 2 ; 395 ppm) and enhanced (eCO 2 ; 550 ppm) carbon dioxide levels”
e7“an increase in the expression of genes associated with the photosynthetic system, amino acid metabolism, several transporters, including aquaporin, and the phosphate pathway, as well as carbon and nitrogen metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma biofertilizer increased expression of genes for the phosphate pathway and for carbon and nitrogen metabolism in rice flag leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF)e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- the phosphate pathway, as well as carbon and nitrogen metabolisme7
- Direction
- increasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flag leaf of rice following the application of Trichoderma as a biofertilizer (BF) at both ambient (aCO 2 ; 395 ppm) and enhanced (eCO 2 ; 550 ppm) carbon dioxide levels”
e7“an increase in the expression of genes associated with the photosynthetic system, amino acid metabolism, several transporters, including aquaporin, and the phosphate pathway, as well as carbon and nitrogen metabolism”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma · molecular: expression · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
Trichoderma · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Trichoderma · physiology: photosynthesis · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Trichoderma · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →inoculation · physiology: hormones · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →inoculation · physiology: photosynthesis · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →inoculation · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
33 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →inoculation · molecular: expression · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
50 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
52 papers more in this group
See all 56 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.