Abstract
Mill by-products such as mud, ash and mud/ash mixtures are known to increase cane and sugar yields. Traditionally, Australian growers broadcast these by-products in the fallow at rates greater than 150 t/ha. However, growers are now banding by-products at less than 100 t/ha, with few guidelines on how to maximise their returns from this practice. Eight commercial size replicated, randomised strip trials were established in bare fallows between Ingham and Proserpine to investigate the impact of by-products banded between 35 and 100 t/ha and broadcast between 140 and 200 t/ha on cane yield, CCS and grower net revenue compared to standard grower fallow practices. The trials were harvested each year over the crop cycle using a commercial harvester. Tonnes of cane harvested and mill CCS provided by the receiving sugar mill were used to calculate tonnes of cane per hectare and grower net revenue per hectare using the Australian cane payment method for each plot in a trial. The application of mud, mud/ash and ash increased cane yield with ash ≥ mud/ash >> mud. The greater the quantity of by-product applied, the greater the cane yield. Conversely, CCS decreased linearly with the quantity of mud, mud/ash, or ash applied. CCS was lowest in mud << mud/ash ≤ ash. Cumulative grower net revenue at the end of the crop cycle was greatest in ash > mud/ash >> mud and was greatest at application rates of 35–50 t/ha > 70–100 t/ha > 140–200 t/ha. Broadcasting mud at 200 t/ha resulted in the growers not recovering the cost of application. Banding by-products containing mud/ash and ash at 100 t/ha or less resulted in the grower recovering the cost of the product by the second or third ratoon. By-products applied at rates as low as 50 t/ha reduced CCS, and further research is needed to improve guidelines on nutrient and water management so that growers using these by-products can maximize their profitability.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Mud application increased cane yield.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The application of mud, mud/ash and ash increased cane yield with ash ≥ mud/ash >> mud”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Mud/ash application increased cane yield.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The application of mud, mud/ash and ash increased cane yield with ash ≥ mud/ash >> mud”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Ash application increased cane yield and ranked highest.
Verbatim
e0“The application of mud, mud/ash and ash increased cane yield with ash ≥ mud/ash >> mud”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher by-product quantity yielded more cane.
Verbatim
e0“The greater the quantity of by-product applied, the greater the cane yield”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing mud quantity linearly decreased CCS.
Verbatim
e0“CCS decreased linearly with the quantity of mud, mud/ash, or ash applied”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing mud/ash quantity linearly decreased CCS.
Verbatim
e0“CCS decreased linearly with the quantity of mud, mud/ash, or ash applied”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing ash quantity linearly decreased CCS.
Verbatim
e0“CCS decreased linearly with the quantity of mud, mud/ash, or ash applied”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Mud produced the lowest CCS among the by-products.
Verbatim
e0“CCS was lowest in mud << mud/ash ≤ ash”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Ash gave the highest cumulative grower net revenue among the by-products.
Verbatim
e0“Cumulative grower net revenue at the end of the crop cycle was greatest in ash > mud/ash >> mud”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Application rates of 35–50 t/ha gave the greatest cumulative grower revenue.
Verbatim
e0“was greatest at application rates of 35–50 t/ha > 70–100 t/ha > 140–200 t/ha”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
e1“Cumulative grower net revenue at the end of the crop cycle was greatest in ash > mud/ash >> mud and was greatest at application rates of 35–50 t/ha > 70–100 t/ha > 140–200 t/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Broadcast mud at 200 t/ha did not recover application cost.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- Broadcasting mud at 200 t/hae0
- Outcome
- growers not recovering the cost of applicatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Broadcasting mud at 200 t/ha resulted in the growers not recovering the cost of application”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Banding mud/ash at 100 t/ha or less recovered product cost by the second or third ratoon.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- mud/ashe0
- Outcome
- recovering the cost of the producte0
- Qualifier
- by the second or third ratoone0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Banding by-products containing mud/ash and ash at 100 t/ha or less resulted in the grower recovering the cost of the product by the second or third ratoon”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Banding ash at 100 t/ha or less recovered product cost by the second or third ratoon.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- ash at 100 t/ha or lesse0
- Outcome
- recovering the cost of the producte0
- Qualifier
- by the second or third ratoone0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Banding by-products containing mud/ash and ash at 100 t/ha or less resulted in the grower recovering the cost of the product by the second or third ratoon”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
By-product application at 50 t/ha reduced CCS.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- By-products applied at rates as low as 50 t/hae0
- Outcome
- CCSe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“By-products applied at rates as low as 50 t/ha reduced CCS”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call for nutrient and water management guidelines to improve profitability with by-products.
Verbatim
e0“further research is needed to improve guidelines on nutrient and water management so that growers using these by-products can maximize their profitability”
t0“Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia”
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