Abstract
The foliar application of zinc (Zn) has been regarded as a practical and economical way to reduce grain cadmium (Cd) accumulation and enhance grain quality in crops. Herein, a two-year field experiment was carried out to examine the efficacy of different application rates of the foliar Zn fertilizer in Cd reduction and microelement biofortification in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. The results show that the T4 and T5 treatments, 500 and 250-fold dilution of the foliar Zn fertilizer, respectively, increased the grain yield to varying degrees in the two years. When compared with controls and based on the average of the two years’ results, spraying with the foliar Zn fertilizer remarkably decreased grain Cd concentrations (44.5%), Cd translocation from stem to grain (TFStem/Grain) (4.92%), the HRI values of Cd (45.5%), PA/Ca (27.8%), PA/Fe (21.4%) and PA/Mn (5.81%) under the T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution). Furthermore, the T2 treatment significantly increased the Zn (37.8%), Ca (48.9%), Fe (37.6%), Mn (14.8%) and total protein (7.92%) contents and the estimated Zn bioavailability (28.9%) in wheat grains after two years. All these findings suggest that the foliar Zn fertilizer holds considerable promise as a safe crop production technique and a means of mitigating “hidden hunger” in developing countries.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
T4 foliar zinc treatment increased wheat grain yield in two years.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 500 and 250-fold dilution of the foliar Zn fertilizer, respectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the T4 and T5 treatments, 500 and 250-fold dilution of the foliar Zn fertilizer, respectively, increased the grain yield to varying degrees in the two years”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 foliar zinc treatment increased wheat grain yield in two years.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T5e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 500 and 250-fold dilution of the foliar Zn fertilizer, respectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the T4 and T5 treatments, 500 and 250-fold dilution of the foliar Zn fertilizer, respectively, increased the grain yield to varying degrees in the two years”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc reduced wheat grain cadmium concentration by 44.5% relative to controls.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying with the foliar Zn fertilizere0
- Outcome
- grain Cd concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 44.5%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When compared with controls and based on the average of the two years’ results, spraying with the foliar Zn fertilizer remarkably decreased grain Cd concentrations (44.5%)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc reduced cadmium translocation from stem to grain by 4.92%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution)e1
- Outcome
- Cd translocation from stem to grain (TFStem/Grain)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 4.92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying with the foliar Zn fertilizer remarkably decreased grain Cd concentrations (44.5%), Cd translocation from stem to grain (TFStem/Grain) (4.92%)”
e1“under the T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc reduced cadmium HRI by 45.5%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution)e1
- Outcome
- HRI values of Cde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 45.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased grain Cd concentrations (44.5%), Cd translocation from stem to grain (TFStem/Grain) (4.92%), the HRI values of Cd (45.5%)”
e1“under the T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc reduced grain PA/Ca by 27.8%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution)e1
- Outcome
- PA/Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 27.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased grain Cd concentrations (44.5%), Cd translocation from stem to grain (TFStem/Grain) (4.92%), the HRI values of Cd (45.5%), PA/Ca (27.8%)”
e1“under the T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc reduced grain PA/Fe by 21.4%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution)e1
- Outcome
- PA/Fee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 21.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased grain Cd concentrations (44.5%), Cd translocation from stem to grain (TFStem/Grain) (4.92%), the HRI values of Cd (45.5%), PA/Ca (27.8%), PA/Fe (21.4%)”
e1“under the T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc reduced grain PA/Mn by 5.81%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution)e1
- Outcome
- PA/Mne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 5.81%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased grain Cd concentrations (44.5%), Cd translocation from stem to grain (TFStem/Grain) (4.92%), the HRI values of Cd (45.5%), PA/Ca (27.8%), PA/Fe (21.4%) and PA/Mn (5.81%)”
e1“under the T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc increased grain zinc content by 37.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the T2 treatment significantly increased the Zn (37.8%)”
e1“in wheat grains after two years”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc increased grain calcium content by 48.9%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the T2 treatment significantly increased the Zn (37.8%), Ca (48.9%)”
e1“in wheat grains after two years”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc increased grain iron content by 37.6%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the T2 treatment significantly increased the Zn (37.8%), Ca (48.9%), Fe (37.6%)”
e1“in wheat grains after two years”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc increased grain manganese content by 14.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the T2 treatment significantly increased the Zn (37.8%), Ca (48.9%), Fe (37.6%), Mn (14.8%)”
e1“in wheat grains after two years”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc increased grain total protein by 7.92%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- T2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- total proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the T2 treatment significantly increased the Zn (37.8%), Ca (48.9%), Fe (37.6%), Mn (14.8%) and total protein (7.92%)”
e1“in wheat grains after two years”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 foliar zinc increased estimated grain zinc bioavailability by 28.9%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- T2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- estimated Zn bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the T2 treatment significantly increased the Zn (37.8%), Ca (48.9%), Fe (37.6%), Mn (14.8%) and total protein (7.92%) contents and the estimated Zn bioavailability (28.9%) in wheat grains after two years”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose foliar zinc fertilizer for safe crop production and mitigating hidden hunger.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- safe crop production technique and a means of mitigating “hidden hunger”e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar Zn fertilizer holds considerable promise as a safe crop production technique and a means of mitigating “hidden hunger””
t0“Wheat”
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