Abstract
Lysine content is a criterion of the nutritional quality of rice. Understanding the process of lysine biosynthesis in early-flowering superior grain (SG) and late-flowering inferior grain (IG) of rice would advance breeding and cultivation to improve nutritional quality. However, little information is available on differences in lysine anabolism between SG and IG and the underlying mechanism, and whether and how irrigation regimes affect lysine anabolism in these grains. A japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field and two irrigation regimes, continuous flooding (CF) and wetting alternating with partial drying (WAPD), were imposed from heading to the mature stage. Lysine content and activities of key enzymes of lysine biosynthesis, and levels of brassinosteroids (BRs) were lower in the IG than in the SG at the early grain-filling stage but higher at middle and late grain-filling stages. WAPD increased activities of these key enzymes, BR levels, and contents of lysine and total amino acids in IG, but not SG relative to CF. Application of 2,4-epibrassinolide to rice panicles in CF during early grain filling reproduced the effects of WAPD, but neither treatment altered the activities of enzymes responsible for lysine catabolism in either SG or IG. WAPD and elevated BR levels during grain filling increased lysine biosynthesis in IG. Improvement in lysine biosynthesis in rice should focus on IG.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
At early filling, inferior grain had lower lysine content, biosynthetic enzyme activities and brassinosteroid levels than superior grain.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Organ / stage
- IGe0
- Outcome
- Lysine content and activities of key enzymes of lysine biosynthesis, and levels of brassinosteroids (BRs)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- early grain-filling stagee0
- Comparator
- SGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lysine content and activities of key enzymes of lysine biosynthesis, and levels of brassinosteroids (BRs) were lower in the IG than in the SG at the early grain-filling stage”
t0“rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
At middle and late filling, inferior grain had higher lysine content, biosynthetic enzyme activities and brassinosteroid levels than superior grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- IGe0
- Outcome
- Lysine content and activities of key enzymes of lysine biosynthesis, and levels of brassinosteroids (BRs)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- middle and late grain-filling stagese0
- Comparator
- SGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lysine content and activities of key enzymes of lysine biosynthesis, and levels of brassinosteroids (BRs) were lower in the IG than in the SG at the early grain-filling stage but higher at middle and late grain-filling stages”
t0“rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Wetting alternating with partial drying increased lysine biosynthetic enzyme activities in inferior grain relative to continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- IGe0
- Treatment
- wetting alternating with partial dryinge1
- Outcome
- activities of these key enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- continuous floodinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WAPD increased activities of these key enzymes, BR levels, and contents of lysine and total amino acids in IG, but not SG relative to CF”
e1“continuous flooding (CF) and wetting alternating with partial drying (WAPD)”
t0“rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Wetting alternating with partial drying increased brassinosteroid levels in inferior grain relative to continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- IGe0
- Treatment
- wetting alternating with partial dryinge1
- Outcome
- BR levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- continuous floodinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WAPD increased activities of these key enzymes, BR levels, and contents of lysine and total amino acids in IG, but not SG relative to CF”
e1“continuous flooding (CF) and wetting alternating with partial drying (WAPD)”
t0“rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Wetting alternating with partial drying increased lysine content in inferior grain relative to continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- IGe0
- Treatment
- wetting alternating with partial dryinge1
- Outcome
- contents of lysinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- continuous floodinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WAPD increased activities of these key enzymes, BR levels, and contents of lysine and total amino acids in IG, but not SG relative to CF”
e1“continuous flooding (CF) and wetting alternating with partial drying (WAPD)”
t0“rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Wetting alternating with partial drying increased total amino acid content in inferior grain relative to continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- IGe0
- Treatment
- wetting alternating with partial dryinge1
- Outcome
- total amino acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- continuous floodinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WAPD increased activities of these key enzymes, BR levels, and contents of lysine and total amino acids in IG, but not SG relative to CF”
e1“continuous flooding (CF) and wetting alternating with partial drying (WAPD)”
t0“rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Wetting alternating with partial drying did not increase these enzyme activities, brassinosteroids, lysine or total amino acids in superior grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- SGe0
- Treatment
- wetting alternating with partial dryinge1
- Outcome
- activities of these key enzymes, BR levels, and contents of lysine and total amino acidse0
- Direction
- note0
- Comparator
- continuous floodinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WAPD increased activities of these key enzymes, BR levels, and contents of lysine and total amino acids in IG, but not SG relative to CF”
e1“continuous flooding (CF) and wetting alternating with partial drying (WAPD)”
t0“rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 2,4-epibrassinolide to panicles under continuous flooding reproduced wetting and drying effects during early grain filling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- paniclese0
- Treatment
- Application of 2,4-epibrassinolidee0
- Outcome
- effects of WAPDe0
- Qualifier
- early grain fillinge0
- Comparator
- WAPDe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 2,4-epibrassinolide to rice panicles in CF during early grain filling reproduced the effects of WAPD”
e1“continuous flooding (CF) and wetting alternating with partial drying (WAPD)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither wetting and drying nor epibrassinolide changed lysine catabolic enzyme activity in either grain class.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- SG or IGe0
- Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- activities of enzymes responsible for lysine catabolisme0
- Direction
- neither treatment alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neither treatment altered the activities of enzymes responsible for lysine catabolism in either SG or IG”
e1“Application of 2,4-epibrassinolide to rice panicles in CF during early grain filling reproduced the effects of WAPD”
t0“rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret wetting and drying and raised brassinosteroids as increasing inferior grain lysine biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- IGe0
- Treatment
- WAPDe0
- Compound
- BRe0
- Outcome
- lysine biosynthesise0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WAPD and elevated BR levels during grain filling increased lysine biosynthesis in IG”
t0“rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend focusing rice lysine biosynthesis improvement on inferior grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- IGe0
- Outcome
- Improvement in lysine biosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improvement in lysine biosynthesis in rice should focus on IG”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.