Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Food production is threatened by direct climate change effects including drought. Indirect effects, including changes in plant-pathogen dynamics and increased susceptibility to pathogens, further exacerbate the risks. Root exudation, which plays a crucial role in plant defence against drought and pathogens, is influenced by both water stress and pathogens. However, the interactive effects of these abiotic and biotic factors are rarely studied. Methods We conducted a controlled environment experiment to investigate the effects of moderate drought and simulated pathogen attack (using pipecolic acid, an inducer of systemic acquired resistance) on the rates of root exudation of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) of four tomato cultivars grown in potting soil. Results Drought increased the exudation of TOC and TN per unit of root area, while pipecolic acid did not have any significant effect. Furthermore, there was no interaction observed between the abiotic and biotic factors. However, due to the reduction in plant and root biomass caused by drought, the total exudation per plant remained similar between control and water-limited plants. Additionally, pipecolic acid reduced the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of exudates and increased the total exudation of TN. Conclusion The increased exudation observed in drought-stressed plants may serve as a strategy to maintain root and rhizosphere activity despite reduced root growth. Notably, the impact of drought differed among the tested cultivars, highlighting their diverse levels of drought tolerance. This emphasises the importance of preserving a wide range of crop cultivars to ensure food security under increasing drought.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased root area normalized TOC and TN exudation.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- exudation of TOC and TN per unit of root areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought increased the exudation of TOC and TN per unit of root area”
t0“Combined effects of drought and simulated pathogen attack on root exudation rates of tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Pipecolic acid had no significant effect on root area normalized TOC and TN exudation.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pipecolic acide0
- Outcome
- exudation of TOC and TN per unit of root areae1
- Direction
- did not have any significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pipecolic acid did not have any significant effect”
e1“exudation of TOC and TN per unit of root area”
t0“Combined effects of drought and simulated pathogen attack on root exudation rates of tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
No drought by pipecolic acid interaction was observed for exudation.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- no interaction observede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no interaction observed between the abiotic and biotic factors”
t0“Combined effects of drought and simulated pathogen attack on root exudation rates of tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced plant and root biomass.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- plant and root biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction in plant and root biomass caused by drought”
t0“Combined effects of drought and simulated pathogen attack on root exudation rates of tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Total exudation per plant remained similar between controls and water limited plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- water-limited plantse0
- Outcome
- total exudation per plante0
- Direction
- remained similare0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total exudation per plant remained similar between control and water-limited plants”
t0“Combined effects of drought and simulated pathogen attack on root exudation rates of tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Pipecolic acid reduced the carbon to nitrogen ratio of exudates.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pipecolic acide0
- Outcome
- carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of exudatese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pipecolic acid reduced the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of exudates”
t0“Combined effects of drought and simulated pathogen attack on root exudation rates of tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Pipecolic acid increased total TN exudation.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pipecolic acide0
- Outcome
- total exudation of TNe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pipecolic acid reduced the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of exudates and increased the total exudation of TN”
t0“Combined effects of drought and simulated pathogen attack on root exudation rates of tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought effects differed among tested cultivars.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- tested cultivarse0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- impact of droughte0
- Direction
- differede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“impact of drought differed among the tested cultivars”
t0“Combined effects of drought and simulated pathogen attack on root exudation rates of tomatoes”
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