Abstract
Abstract Background Two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important plant pests in the world. Due to increased resistance of mites to acaricides, it is necessary to use other methods such as inducing resistance in plants by natural compounds for pests' management. Polyamins such as spermine are effective in increasing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. In this research, the effect of spermine treatments in cucumber plants on life table parameters of T. urticae was investigated. Also, top-down effect of spermine and T. urticae on cucumber biochemical parameters was measured. In the experiments, 1, 2 and 3 mM spermine concentrations were used. Results Amongst the spermine treatments, those mites that fed on cucumbers which received 1 mM spermine showed the shortest protonymphal period and higher ovipositon period, fecundity, gross and net reproductive rates and life expectancy compare to control. Treatment with 2 mM spermine lead to the longest teleochrysalis period and shortest range of age-stage-specific fecundity period. In addition, 2 mM spermine lowered intrinsic and finite rate of population increase in T. urticae . The longest larval period of T. urticae was observed in 3 mM spermine. Feeding of T. urticae from cucumber plants increased hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage (EL) level and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity but inhibited catalase (CAT) activity in this plant. Infested cucumber plants treated with 2 mM spermine showed lower H 2 O 2 and MDA content and highest activity of APX and CAT on day 1 and 3 compare to the others. The 3 mM spermine increased H 2 O 2 content in infested plants during the whole experiment as well as non-infested plants in day 5 and 9 only. This treatment induced the highest MDA content and lowest catalase activity on day1, 3 and 5 of experiment in infested plants. Conclusion This study showed that 2 mM spermine was the only effective concentration that reduce cucumber sensitivity to T. urticae. The trend of changes in biochemical parameters, especially H 2 O 2 , in 3 mM spermine was abnormal, and this concentration could be considered toxic.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Mites feeding on cucumber treated with 1 mM spermine had the shortest protonymphal period compared with control.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativus
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- 1 mM sperminee1
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticae
.jpg?width=60)
Tetranychus urticaet0pest - Outcome
- protonymphal periode1
- Direction
- shorteste1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e1“those mites that fed on cucumbers which received 1 mM spermine showed the shortest protonymphal period”
e2“higher ovipositon period, fecundity, gross and net reproductive rates and life expectancy compare to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Mites on cucumber treated with 1 mM spermine had higher oviposition period, fecundity, gross and net reproductive rates compared with control.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 1 mM sperminee1
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaet0pest
- Outcome
- ovipositon period, fecundity, gross and net reproductive ratese2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e1“those mites that fed on cucumbers which received 1 mM spermine showed the shortest protonymphal period”
e2“higher ovipositon period, fecundity, gross and net reproductive rates and life expectancy compare to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Mites on cucumber treated with 1 mM spermine had higher life expectancy compared with control.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 1 mM sperminee1
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaet0pest
- Outcome
- life expectancye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e1“those mites that fed on cucumbers which received 1 mM spermine showed the shortest protonymphal period”
e2“higher ovipositon period, fecundity, gross and net reproductive rates and life expectancy compare to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment with 2 mM spermine lengthened the teleochrysalis period of Tetranychus urticae.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 2 mM sperminee3
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaet0pest
- Outcome
- teleochrysalis periode3
- Direction
- longeste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e3“Treatment with 2 mM spermine lead to the longest teleochrysalis period and shortest range of age-stage-specific fecundity period”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment with 2 mM spermine shortened the range of age-stage-specific fecundity period of Tetranychus urticae.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 2 mM sperminee3
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaet0pest
- Outcome
- range of age-stage-specific fecundity periode3
- Direction
- shorteste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e3“Treatment with 2 mM spermine lead to the longest teleochrysalis period and shortest range of age-stage-specific fecundity period”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment with 2 mM spermine lowered the intrinsic and finite rate of population increase of Tetranychus urticae.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 2 mM sperminee4
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaet0pest
- Outcome
- intrinsic and finite rate of population increasee4
- Direction
- lowerede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e4“2 mM spermine lowered intrinsic and finite rate of population increase in T. urticae”
Claim · model-written summary
The longest larval period of Tetranychus urticae was observed with 3 mM spermine.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 3 mM sperminee5
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaet0pest
- Outcome
- larval periode5
- Direction
- longeste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e5“The longest larval period of T. urticae was observed in 3 mM spermine”
Claim · model-written summary
Feeding of Tetranychus urticae increased H2O2, MDA content and electrolyte leakage in cucumber.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Feeding of T. urticaee7
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaet0pest
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage (EL) levele7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e7“Feeding of T. urticae from cucumber plants increased hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage (EL) level and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity but inhibited catalase (CAT) activity in this plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Feeding of Tetranychus urticae increased ascorbate peroxidase activity in cucumber.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Feeding of T. urticaee7
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaet0pest
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitye7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e7“Feeding of T. urticae from cucumber plants increased hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage (EL) level and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity but inhibited catalase (CAT) activity in this plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Feeding of Tetranychus urticae inhibited catalase activity in cucumber.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Feeding of T. urticaee7
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaet0pest
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitye7
- Direction
- inhibitede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e7“Feeding of T. urticae from cucumber plants increased hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage (EL) level and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity but inhibited catalase (CAT) activity in this plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Infested cucumber treated with 2 mM spermine had lower H2O2 and MDA content than the others.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 2 mM sperminee1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 and MDA contente1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- the otherse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e1“Infested cucumber plants treated with 2 mM spermine showed lower H 2 O 2 and MDA content and highest activity of APX and CAT on day 1 and 3 compare to the others”
Claim · model-written summary
Infested cucumber treated with 2 mM spermine had the highest activity of APX and CAT compared with the others.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 2 mM sperminee1
- Outcome
- activity of APX and CATe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- the otherse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e1“Infested cucumber plants treated with 2 mM spermine showed lower H 2 O 2 and MDA content and highest activity of APX and CAT on day 1 and 3 compare to the others”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3 mM spermine increased H2O2 content in infested cucumber throughout the experiment.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 3 mM sperminee1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- in infested plants during the whole experimente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e1“The 3 mM spermine increased H 2 O 2 content in infested plants during the whole experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3 mM spermine increased H2O2 content in non-infested cucumber on day 5 and 9 only.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 3 mM sperminee1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- non-infested plants in day 5 and 9 onlye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e1“The 3 mM spermine increased H 2 O 2 content in infested plants during the whole experiment”
e2“as well as non-infested plants in day 5 and 9 only”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3 mM spermine induced the highest MDA content in infested cucumber on day 1, 3 and 5.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 3 mM sperminee1
- Outcome
- MDA contente2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Qualifier
- on day1, 3 and 5 of experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e1“The 3 mM spermine increased H 2 O 2 content in infested plants during the whole experiment”
e2“This treatment induced the highest MDA content and lowest catalase activity on day1, 3 and 5 of experiment in infested plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3 mM spermine induced the lowest catalase activity in infested cucumber on day 1, 3 and 5.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 3 mM sperminee1
- Outcome
- catalase activitye2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Qualifier
- on day1, 3 and 5 of experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e1“The 3 mM spermine increased H 2 O 2 content in infested plants during the whole experiment”
e2“This treatment induced the highest MDA content and lowest catalase activity on day1, 3 and 5 of experiment in infested plants”
Claim · model-written summary
2 mM spermine was the only effective concentration that reduced cucumber sensitivity to Tetranychus urticae.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 2 mM sperminee1
- Interactor
- T. urticaeTetranychus urticaee1pest
- Outcome
- cucumber sensitivity to T. urticaee1
- Direction
- reducee1
- Qualifier
- the only effective concentratione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e1“2 mM spermine was the only effective concentration that reduce cucumber sensitivity to T. urticae”
Claim · model-written summary
3 mM spermine could be considered toxic to cucumber, given abnormal biochemical trends.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 3 mM sperminee1
- Outcome
- considered toxice1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction”
e1“The trend of changes in biochemical parameters, especially H 2 O 2 , in 3 mM spermine was abnormal, and this concentration could be considered toxic”
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