Abstract
Abstract Climate change‐induced concurrent drought and salinity stresses significantly threaten global crop yields, yet the physio‐biochemical responses to combined stress in quinoa remain elusive. This study evaluated quinoa responses under four growth conditions: well‐watered, drought stress, salt stress, and drought + salt stress with (15 mM) or without (0 mM) exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) application. All examined stresses (alone or in combination) reduce quinoa growth and net photosynthesis, although salt stress was found to be less destructive than drought and combined stress. Strikingly, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), stomatal conductance (g s ), photosynthetic rate (P N ), K + uptake, shoot height, shoot fresh, and dry weight were increased by 46.1%, 22.2%, 101.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 22.4%, 7.1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, under combined stress compared to drought alone. In addition, exogenous H 2 O 2 effectively improved gaseous exchange, osmolytes' accumulation, and antioxidant activity, resulting in reduced lipid peroxidation, which eventually led to higher plant growth under all coercive conditions. The principle component analysis (PCA) indicated a strong positive correlation between antioxidant enzymes and inorganic ions, which contributed efficiently to osmotic adjustment, particularly under conditions of salinity followed by combined stress. In short, in combination, salt stress has the potential to mitigate drought‐induced injuries by promoting the absorption of inorganic solutes for osmoregulation in quinoa plants. Furthermore, exogenous application of H 2 O 2 could be opted to enhance quinoa performance to increase its tolerance mechanism against drought and salinity, even under combined stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Drought, salt, and combined stress reduced quinoa growth and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- quinoa
Chenopodium quinoae0 - Treatment
- stresses (alone or in combination)e0
- Outcome
- growth and net photosynthesise0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All examined stresses (alone or in combination) reduce quinoa growth and net photosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress was less damaging than drought or combined stress.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae1
- Outcome
- less destructivee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- drought and combined stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress was found to be less destructive than drought and combined stress”
e1“quinoa growth and net photosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress increased SOD by 46.1% relative to drought alone.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 46.1%e0
- Comparator
- drought alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), stomatal conductance (g s ), photosynthetic rate (P N ), K + uptake, shoot height, shoot fresh, and dry weight were increased by 46.1%, 22.2%, 101.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 22.4%, 7.1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, under combined stress compared to drought alone”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress increased POD by 22.2%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.2%e0
- Comparator
- drought alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), stomatal conductance (g s ), photosynthetic rate (P N ), K + uptake, shoot height, shoot fresh, and dry weight were increased by 46.1%, 22.2%, 101.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 22.4%, 7.1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, under combined stress compared to drought alone”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress increased CAT by 101.6%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 101.6%e0
- Comparator
- drought alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (CAT), stomatal conductance (g s ), photosynthetic rate (P N ), K + uptake, shoot height, shoot fresh, and dry weight were increased by 46.1%, 22.2%, 101.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 22.4%, 7.1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, under combined stress compared to drought alone”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress increased stomatal conductance by 12.9%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (g s )e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.9%e0
- Comparator
- drought alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal conductance (g s ), photosynthetic rate (P N ), K + uptake, shoot height, shoot fresh, and dry weight were increased by 46.1%, 22.2%, 101.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 22.4%, 7.1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, under combined stress compared to drought alone”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress increased photosynthetic rate by 12.1%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate (P N )e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.1%e0
- Comparator
- drought alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic rate (P N ), K + uptake, shoot height, shoot fresh, and dry weight were increased by 46.1%, 22.2%, 101.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 22.4%, 7.1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, under combined stress compared to drought alone”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress increased potassium uptake by 22.4%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- K + uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.4%e0
- Comparator
- drought alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K + uptake, shoot height, shoot fresh, and dry weight were increased by 46.1%, 22.2%, 101.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 22.4%, 7.1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, under combined stress compared to drought alone”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress increased shoot height by 7.1%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.1%e0
- Comparator
- drought alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot height, shoot fresh, and dry weight were increased by 46.1%, 22.2%, 101.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 22.4%, 7.1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, under combined stress compared to drought alone”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress increased shoot fresh weight by 14%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot freshe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- drought alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot fresh, and dry weight were increased by 46.1%, 22.2%, 101.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 22.4%, 7.1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, under combined stress compared to drought alone”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress increased shoot dry weight by 16.4%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.4%e0
- Comparator
- drought alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot fresh, and dry weight were increased by 46.1%, 22.2%, 101.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 22.4%, 7.1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, under combined stress compared to drought alone”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide improved gas exchange, osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- exogenous H 2 O 2e0
- Outcome
- gaseous exchange, osmolytes' accumulation, and antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous H 2 O 2 effectively improved gaseous exchange, osmolytes' accumulation, and antioxidant activity”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide reduced lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- exogenous H 2 O 2e1
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in reduced lipid peroxidation”
e1“exogenous H 2 O 2”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide led to higher plant growth under all stress conditions.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- exogenous H 2 O 2e1
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which eventually led to higher plant growth under all coercive conditions”
e1“exogenous H 2 O 2”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzymes and inorganic ions were strongly positively correlated.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Compound
- inorganic ionse0
- Outcome
- positive correlation between antioxidant enzymes and inorganic ionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strong positive correlation between antioxidant enzymes and inorganic ions”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest exogenous hydrogen peroxide to enhance quinoa stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae0
- Outcome
- exogenous application of H 2 O 2 could be opted to enhance quinoa performancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of H 2 O 2 could be opted to enhance quinoa performance to increase its tolerance mechanism against drought and salinity, even under combined stress”
The same questions in other papers
hydrogen peroxide · growth · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
hydrogen peroxide · physiology: osmolytes · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.