Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the world's third most important edible oilseed crop after soybean and palm. The clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae poses a significant risk and causes substantial yield losses in rapeseed. In this study, 13 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the healthy roots of rapeseed (B. napus) grown in a clubroot-infested field and molecularly identified. Based on germination inhibition of resting spores of P. brassicae, two endophytic fungal antagonists, Trichoderma spp. ReTk1 and ReTv2 were selected to evaluate their potential for plant growth promotion and biocontrol of P. brassicae. The Trichoderma isolates were applied as a soil drench (1×107 spore/g soil) to a planting mix and field soil, in which plants were grown under non-infested and P. brassicae-infested (2×106 spore/g soil) conditions. The endophytic fungi were able to promote plant growth, significantly increasing shoot and root length, leaf diameter, and biomass production (shoots and root weight) both in the absence or presence of P. brassicae. The single and dual treatments with the endophytes were equally effective in significantly decreasing the root-hair infection, root index, and clubroot severity index. Both ReTk1 and ReTv2 inhibited the germination of resting spores of P. brassicae in root exudates. Moreover, the endophytic fungi colonized the roots of rapeseed extensively and possibly induced host resistance by up-regulated expression of defense-related genes involved in jasmonate (BnOPR2), ethylene (BnACO and BnSAM3), phenylpropanoid (BnOPCL and BnCCR), auxin (BnAAO1) and salicylic acid (BnPR2) pathways. Based on these findings, it is evident that the rapeseed root endophytes Trichoderma spp. ReTk1 and ReTv2 could suppress the gall formation on rapeseed roots via antibiosis, induced systemic resistance (ISR), and/or systemic acquired resistance (SAR). According to our knowledge, this is the first report of the endophytic Trichoderma spp. isolated from root tissues of healthy rapeseed plants (B. napus.), promoting plant growth and reducing clubroot severity.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Thirteen fungal endophyte strains were isolated from healthy rapeseed roots.
Verbatim
e0“13 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the healthy roots of rapeseed (B. napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma isolates significantly increased shoot and root length and leaf diameter.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- endophytic fungie0
- Interactor
- P. brassicae
.jpg?width=60)
Plasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen - Outcome
- shoot and root length, leaf diametere0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The endophytic fungi were able to promote plant growth, significantly increasing shoot and root length, leaf diameter, and biomass production (shoots and root weight) both in the absence or presence of P. brassicae”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma isolates significantly increased shoot and root biomass.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Interactor
- P. brassicaePlasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- biomass production (shoots and root weight)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly increasing shoot and root length, leaf diameter, and biomass production (shoots and root weight) both in the absence or presence of P. brassicae”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Single and dual endophyte treatments equally reduced root-hair infection, root index and clubroot severity.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- single and dual treatments with the endophytese0
- Outcome
- root-hair infection, root index, and clubroot severity indexe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The single and dual treatments with the endophytes were equally effective in significantly decreasing the root-hair infection, root index, and clubroot severity index”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both Trichoderma isolates inhibited P. brassicae resting spore germination in root exudates.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Interactor
- P. brassicaePlasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of resting spores of P. brassicaee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both ReTk1 and ReTv2 inhibited the germination of resting spores of P. brassicae in root exudates”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytic fungi extensively colonized rapeseed roots.
Verbatim
e0“the endophytic fungi colonized the roots of rapeseed extensively”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytic fungi upregulated defense genes across multiple hormone pathways.
Verbatim
e0“up-regulated expression of defense-related genes involved in jasmonate (BnOPR2), ethylene (BnACO and BnSAM3), phenylpropanoid (BnOPCL and BnCCR), auxin (BnAAO1) and salicylic acid (BnPR2) pathways”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer Trichoderma isolates could suppress gall formation through antibiosis or induced resistance.
Verbatim
e0“rapeseed root endophytes Trichoderma spp. ReTk1 and ReTv2 could suppress the gall formation on rapeseed roots via antibiosis, induced systemic resistance (ISR), and/or systemic acquired resistance (SAR)”
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