Abstract
Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of continuous addition of different concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and/or low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and cadmium (Cd) transformation. These factors subsequently affected Cd phytoavailability in a system consisting of Cd-contaminated soil and Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.). The results indicate that CaCl2 addition had a greater impact on reducing soil pH value, increasing soil EC value, and enhancing Cd phytoaccumulation in Chinese cabbage compared to LMWOAs. When soil pH dropped by 0.3 unit and the soil EC increased by 500 µS cm−1, the Cd concentration in the Chinese cabbage shoots was 3 times higher than that in the control group. Throughout two planting terms of Chinese cabbage, the addition of CaCl2 (1.6–3.2 g kg−1) and LMWOAs (≤ 1.0 g kg−1) led to phytoextracted Cd concentration exceeding exchangeable Cd concentration in soil samples before the pot experiment. Regarding phytoextracted Cd, desorption from carbonate-bound Cd contributes more than desorption from bound to organic matter Cd and adsorption to Fe/Mn oxide Cd. This study underscores the influence of soil pH and EC value variations and Cd transformation on Cd phytoavailability. Special attention should be given to leafy vegetables grown in Cd-contaminated soil, as the phytoavailable Cd concentration reaches approximately 2.0 µg kg−1, which may lead to Cd levels surpassing acceptable limits for Chinese cabbage.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride reduced soil pH more than organic acids.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbage
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0 - Treatment
- CaCl2 additione0
- Outcome
- soil pH valuee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- LMWOAse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaCl2 addition had a greater impact on reducing soil pH value, increasing soil EC value, and enhancing Cd phytoaccumulation in Chinese cabbage compared to LMWOAs”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride increased soil electrical conductivity more than organic acids.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 additione0
- Outcome
- soil EC valuee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- LMWOAse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaCl2 addition had a greater impact on reducing soil pH value, increasing soil EC value, and enhancing Cd phytoaccumulation in Chinese cabbage compared to LMWOAs”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride enhanced cadmium phytoaccumulation more than organic acids.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 additione0
- Outcome
- Cd phytoaccumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Comparator
- LMWOAse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaCl2 addition had a greater impact on reducing soil pH value, increasing soil EC value, and enhancing Cd phytoaccumulation in Chinese cabbage compared to LMWOAs”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot cadmium concentration was three times the control when pH fell and conductivity rose.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Treatment
- soil pH dropped by 0.3 unit and the soil EC increased by 500 µS cm−1e0
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in the Chinese cabbage shootse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3 timese0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When soil pH dropped by 0.3 unit and the soil EC increased by 500 µS cm−1, the Cd concentration in the Chinese cabbage shoots was 3 times higher than that in the control group”
Claim · model-written summary
Under both amendments, extracted cadmium exceeded pre-experiment exchangeable soil cadmium.
- Treatment
- CaCl2 (1.6–3.2 g kg−1) and LMWOAs (≤ 1.0 g kg−1)e0
- Outcome
- phytoextracted Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- exceedinge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the addition of CaCl2 (1.6–3.2 g kg−1) and LMWOAs (≤ 1.0 g kg−1) led to phytoextracted Cd concentration exceeding exchangeable Cd concentration in soil samples before the pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbonate bound cadmium desorption contributed more to extraction than the other stated fractions.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Outcome
- desorption from carbonate-bound Cde0
- Direction
- more thane0
- Comparator
- desorption from bound to organic matter Cd and adsorption to Fe/Mn oxide Cde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“desorption from carbonate-bound Cd contributes more than desorption from bound to organic matter Cd and adsorption to Fe/Mn oxide Cd”
t0“Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors urged attention to leafy vegetables in contaminated soil because available cadmium may exceed cabbage limits.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Outcome
- Special attention should be given to leafy vegetables grown in Cd-contaminated soile0
- Value
- approximately 2.0 µg kg−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Special attention should be given to leafy vegetables grown in Cd-contaminated soil, as the phytoavailable Cd concentration reaches approximately 2.0 µg kg−1, which may lead to Cd levels surpassing acceptable limits for Chinese cabbage”
The same questions in other papers
ph · nutrient: content · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.