Abstract
NAKED ENDOSPERM1 (NKD1), NKD2, and OPAQUE2 (O2) are transcription factors important for cell patterning and nutrient storage in maize (Zea mays) endosperm. To study the complex regulatory interrelationships among these 3 factors in coregulating gene networks, we developed a set of nkd1, nkd2, and o2 homozygous lines, including all combinations of mutant and wild-type genes. Among the 8 genotypes tested, we observed diverse phenotypes and gene interactions affecting cell patterning, starch content, and storage proteins. From ∼8 to ∼16 d after pollination, maize endosperm undergoes a transition from cellular development to nutrient accumulation for grain filling. Gene network analysis showed that NKD1, NKD2, and O2 dynamically regulate a hierarchical gene network during this period, directing cellular development early and then transitioning to constrain cellular development while promoting the biosynthesis and storage of starch, proteins, and lipids. Genetic interactions regulating this network are also dynamic. The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) showed that O2 influences the global regulatory landscape, decreasing NKD1 and NKD2 target site accessibility, while NKD1 and NKD2 increase O2 target site accessibility. In summary, interactions of NKD1, NKD2, and O2 dynamically affect the hierarchical gene network and regulatory landscape during the transition from cellular development to grain filling in maize endosperm.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Across the 8 genotypes, NKD1, NKD2 and O2 combinations produced diverse phenotypes and gene interactions affecting cell patterning, starch content and storage proteins.
- Material
- the 8 genotypese1
- Outcome
- cell patterning, starch content, and storage proteinse1
- Qualifier
- diverse phenotypes and gene interactionse1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAKED ENDOSPERM1 (NKD1), NKD2, and OPAQUE2 (O2) are transcription factors important for cell patterning and nutrient storage in maize (Zea mays) endosperm”
e1“Among the 8 genotypes tested, we observed diverse phenotypes and gene interactions affecting cell patterning, starch content, and storage proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
NKD1, NKD2 and O2 regulate a hierarchical gene network during the transition from cellular development to grain filling.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAKED ENDOSPERM1 (NKD1), NKD2, and OPAQUE2 (O2) are transcription factors important for cell patterning and nutrient storage in maize (Zea mays) endosperm”
e2“Gene network analysis showed that NKD1, NKD2, and O2 dynamically regulate a hierarchical gene network during this period, directing cellular development early and then transitioning to constrain cellular development while promoting the biosynthesis and storage of starch, proteins, and lipids”
Claim · model-written summary
NKD1, NKD2 and O2 promote the biosynthesis and storage of starch, proteins and lipids in the gene network.
- Gene
- NKD1, NKD2, and O2e2
- Outcome
- biosynthesis and storage of starch, proteins, and lipidse2
- Direction
- promotinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAKED ENDOSPERM1 (NKD1), NKD2, and OPAQUE2 (O2) are transcription factors important for cell patterning and nutrient storage in maize (Zea mays) endosperm”
e2“Gene network analysis showed that NKD1, NKD2, and O2 dynamically regulate a hierarchical gene network during this period, directing cellular development early and then transitioning to constrain cellular development while promoting the biosynthesis and storage of starch, proteins, and lipids”
Claim · model-written summary
Genetic interactions regulating the gene network are dynamic.
- Outcome
- Genetic interactions regulating this networke3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAKED ENDOSPERM1 (NKD1), NKD2, and OPAQUE2 (O2) are transcription factors important for cell patterning and nutrient storage in maize (Zea mays) endosperm”
e3“Genetic interactions regulating this network are also dynamic”
Claim · model-written summary
O2 decreases the accessibility of NKD1 and NKD2 target sites.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAKED ENDOSPERM1 (NKD1), NKD2, and OPAQUE2 (O2) are transcription factors important for cell patterning and nutrient storage in maize (Zea mays) endosperm”
e4“The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) showed that O2 influences the global regulatory landscape, decreasing NKD1 and NKD2 target site accessibility, while NKD1 and NKD2 increase O2 target site accessibility”
Claim · model-written summary
NKD1 and NKD2 increase the accessibility of O2 target sites.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAKED ENDOSPERM1 (NKD1), NKD2, and OPAQUE2 (O2) are transcription factors important for cell patterning and nutrient storage in maize (Zea mays) endosperm”
e4“The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) showed that O2 influences the global regulatory landscape, decreasing NKD1 and NKD2 target site accessibility, while NKD1 and NKD2 increase O2 target site accessibility”