Abstract
Salt toxicity is one of the foremost environmental stresses that declines nutrient uptake, photosynthetic activity and growth of plants resulting in a decrease in crop yield and quality. Seed priming has become an emergent strategy to alleviate abiotic stress and improve plant growth. During the current study, turnip seed priming with sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) was investigated for its ability to mitigate salt stress. Turnip (Brassica rapa L. var. Purple Top White Globe) seeds primed with 75, 100, and 125 μML−1 of Se were subjected to 200 mM salt stress under field conditions. Findings of the current field research demonstrated that salt toxicity declined seed germination, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange characteristics of B. rapa seedling. Whereas, Se-primed seeds showed higher germination rate and plant growth which may be attributed to the decreased level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased synthesis of proline (36%) and besides increased total chlorophyll (46%) in applied turnip plants. Higher expression levels of genes encoding antioxidative activities (CAT, POD, SO,D and APX) mitigated oxidative stress induced by the salt toxicity. Additionally, Se treatment decreased Na+ content and enhanced K+ content resulting in elevated K+/Na+ ratio in the treated plants. The in-silico assessment revealed the interactive superiority of Se with antioxidant enzymes including CAT, POD, SOD, and APX as compared to sodium chloride (NaCl). Computational study of enzymes-Se and enzymes-NaCl molecules also revealed the stress ameliorative potential of Se through the presence of more Ramachandran-favored regions (94%) and higher docking affinities of Se (-6.3). The in-silico studies through molecular docking of Na2SeO3, NaCl, and ROS synthesizing enzymes (receptors) including cytochrome P450 (CYP), lipoxygenase (LOX), and xanthine oxidase (XO), also confirmed the salt stress ameliorative potential of Se in B. rapa. The increased Ca, P, Mg, and Zn nutrients uptake nutrients uptake in 100 μML−1 Se primed seedlings helped to adjust the stomatal conductivity (35%) intercellular CO2 concentration (32%), and photosynthetic activity (41%) resulting in enhancement of the yield attributes. More number of seeds per plant (6%), increased turnip weight (115 gm) root length (17.24 cm), root diameter (12 cm) as well as turnip yield increased by (9%tons ha−1) were recorded for 100 μML−1 Se treatment under salinity stress. Findings of the current research judiciously advocate the potential of Se seed priming for salt stress alleviation and growth improvement in B. rapa.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Salt toxicity reduced turnip seed germination, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange.
- Taxon
- B. rapa
Brassica rapae0 - Treatment
- salt toxicitye0
- Outcome
- seed germination, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange characteristicse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt toxicity declined seed germination, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange characteristics of B. rapa seedling.”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium priming raised turnip germination rate and plant growth.
- Taxon
- turnip
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica rapa subsp. rapat0 - Treatment
- Se-primed seedse0
- Outcome
- germination rate and plant growthe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Se-primed seeds showed higher germination rate and plant growth”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium priming was associated with decreased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in turnip.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Treatment
- Se-primed seedse1
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA)”
t0“turnip”
e1“Se-primed seeds showed higher germination rate and plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium priming decreased proline synthesis by 36% in turnip.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Treatment
- Se-primed seedse1
- Outcome
- synthesis of prolinee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 36%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased synthesis of proline (36%)”
e1“Se-primed seeds”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium priming increased total chlorophyll by 46% in turnip.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- Se-primed seedse1
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 46%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased total chlorophyll (46%) in applied turnip plants.”
e1“Se-primed seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant gene expression was higher and mitigated salt oxidative stress in turnip.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Gene
- CAT, POD, SO,D and APXe0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher expression levels of genes encoding antioxidative activities (CAT, POD, SO,D and APX) mitigated oxidative stress induced by the salt toxicity.”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium decreased turnip sodium content.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Treatment
- Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- Na+ contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Se treatment decreased Na+ content and enhanced K+ content resulting in elevated K+/Na+ ratio in the treated plants.”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium increased turnip potassium content.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Treatment
- Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- K+ contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Se treatment decreased Na+ content and enhanced K+ content resulting in elevated K+/Na+ ratio in the treated plants.”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium raised the turnip potassium to sodium ratio.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Treatment
- Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratioe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Se treatment decreased Na+ content and enhanced K+ content resulting in elevated K+/Na+ ratio in the treated plants.”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
In silico analysis found stronger selenium interactions with antioxidant enzymes than sodium chloride.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Gene
- CAT, POD, SOD, and APXe0
- Outcome
- interactive superiority of Se with antioxidant enzymese0
- Comparator
- sodium chloride (NaCl)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The in-silico assessment revealed the interactive superiority of Se with antioxidant enzymes including CAT, POD, SOD, and APX as compared to sodium chloride (NaCl).”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Computational analysis found 94% Ramachandran-favored regions in enzyme–selenium analysis.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Outcome
- Ramachandran-favored regionse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 94%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more Ramachandran-favored regions (94%) and higher docking affinities of Se (-6.3)”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Computational analysis found higher selenium docking affinity of -6.3.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Outcome
- docking affinities of See0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- -6.3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more Ramachandran-favored regions (94%) and higher docking affinities of Se (-6.3)”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium priming at 100 μML−1 increased calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc uptake in turnip seedlings.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Treatment
- 100 μML−1 Se primede0
- Outcome
- Ca, P, Mg, and Zn nutrients uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased Ca, P, Mg, and Zn nutrients uptake nutrients uptake in 100 μML−1 Se primed seedlings”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium priming improved turnip stomatal conductivity by 35%.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Treatment
- 100 μML−1 Se primede1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductivitye0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal conductivity (35%) intercellular CO2 concentration (32%), and photosynthetic activity (41%)”
e1“in 100 μML−1 Se primed seedlings helped to adjust the stomatal conductivity”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium priming altered turnip intercellular CO2 concentration by 32%.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Treatment
- 100 μML−1 Se primede1
- Outcome
- intercellular CO2 concentratione0
- Value
- 32%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercellular CO2 concentration (32%)”
e1“in 100 μML−1 Se primed seedlings helped to adjust the stomatal conductivity”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium priming improved turnip photosynthetic activity by 41%.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Treatment
- 100 μML−1 Se primede1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye0
- Value
- 41%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic activity (41%) resulting in enhancement of the yield attributes.”
e1“in 100 μML−1 Se primed seedlings”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium priming at 100 μML−1 increased turnip seeds per plant by 6%.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- 100 μML−1 Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- number of seeds per plante0
- Direction
- Moree0
- Value
- 6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More number of seeds per plant (6%), increased turnip weight (115 gm) root length (17.24 cm), root diameter (12 cm) as well as turnip yield increased by (9%tons ha−1) were recorded for 100 μML−1 Se treatment under salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium priming at 100 μML−1 raised turnip weight to 115 gm.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- 100 μML−1 Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- turnip weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 115 gme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased turnip weight (115 gm) root length (17.24 cm), root diameter (12 cm) as well as turnip yield increased by (9%tons ha−1) were recorded for 100 μML−1 Se treatment under salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Turnip root length and diameter under 100 μML−1 selenium treatment were 17.24 cm and 12 cm respectively.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- 100 μML−1 Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Value
- 17.24 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length (17.24 cm), root diameter (12 cm) as well as turnip yield increased by (9%tons ha−1) were recorded for 100 μML−1 Se treatment under salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Turnip yield increased by 9%tons ha−1 under 100 μML−1 selenium priming.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- 100 μML−1 Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- turnip yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9%tons ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“turnip yield increased by (9%tons ha−1) were recorded for 100 μML−1 Se treatment under salinity stress.”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.