Abstract
Nitrogen fertilizers are essential for productivity and quality improvement of all crops. However, excessive nitrogen can cause physiological disturbances. Therefore, depending upon the type of crop and cultivation method, controlling the amount of fertilizer is important. Typically, the proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer is determined by the organic matter content of the soil in which the plants (tea plants in our case) are grown. However, there is no difference in the amount of fertilizer applied during shading which leads to serious problems. The current study investigated the physiological activity of tea plants according to nitrogen concentration in oil cake during shading cultivation. The physiological activity expressed via photosynthetic ability showed that the photosynthetic ability remained steady without being significantly affected by nitrogen content up to 9 to 12% under non-shading conditions, whereas nitrogen excess disorder started to occur as the treatment period increased under shading conditions. After 3 weeks of treatment, the leaf chromaticity was the highest at 67.67 for 4.5% oil cake under shading condition, while the highest was 64.19 for 12% oil cake under the non-shading condition. In terms of inorganic nitrogen content in the soil, the NH4+-N content and the NO3–-N content under shading were 1.3 times and 1.9 times higher, respectively than those for the non-shading condition. With increase in the nitrogen content of oil cake, the inorganic nitrogen (NO3–N, NH4+-N) also increased.The total free amino acid content was 614 mg·100g-1 at 18% nitrogen content when not shading, and 1,073 mg·100g-1 at 18% nitrogen content when shading was the highest. There was a 2.0-fold increase for shading (401 mg·100g-1) compared to non-shading (200 mg·100g-1) that was not treated with oil cake. Overall, the total free amino acid showed a tendency to increase as the nitrogen content increased, but both non-shading and shading showed a relatively decreased tendency for the straight oil cake (N 12%) treatment. Considering the growth and component content, the most effective nitrogen fertilizer was oil cake with 9% nitrogen content for non-shading cultivation and 4.5% nitrogen content for shading cultivation.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic ability remained steady up to 9 to 12% nitrogen without shading.
- Taxon
- Tea Tree
Camellia sinensist0 - Treatment
- nitrogen content up to 9 to 12%e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic abilitye0
- Direction
- remained steadye0
- Setting
- non-shading conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic ability remained steady without being significantly affected by nitrogen content up to 9 to 12% under non-shading conditions”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Under shading, nitrogen excess disorder emerged as treatment time increased.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Outcome
- nitrogen excess disordere0
- Qualifier
- under shading conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen excess disorder started to occur as the treatment period increased under shading conditions”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
After three weeks under shade, 4.5% oil cake gave the highest leaf chromaticity, 67.67.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Treatment
- 4.5% oil cakee0
- Outcome
- leaf chromaticitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 67.67e0
- Qualifier
- After 3 weeks of treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 3 weeks of treatment, the leaf chromaticity was the highest at 67.67 for 4.5% oil cake under shading condition”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Without shade, 12% oil cake gave the highest leaf chromaticity, 64.19.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Treatment
- 12% oil cakee0
- Outcome
- leaf chromaticitye1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 64.19e0
- Qualifier
- non-shading conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest was 64.19 for 12% oil cake under the non-shading condition”
e1“leaf chromaticity”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaded soil had 1.3 times higher NH4+-N content than unshaded soil.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Treatment
- shadinge0
- Outcome
- NH4+-N contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.3 timese0
- Comparator
- non-shading conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the NH4+-N content and the NO3–-N content under shading were 1.3 times and 1.9 times higher, respectively than those for the non-shading condition”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaded soil had 1.9 times higher NO3–-N content than unshaded soil.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Treatment
- shadinge0
- Outcome
- NO3–-N contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.9 timese0
- Comparator
- non-shading conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the NH4+-N content and the NO3–-N content under shading were 1.3 times and 1.9 times higher, respectively than those for the non-shading condition”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil inorganic nitrogen increased with oil-cake nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Treatment
- nitrogen content of oil cakee0
- Outcome
- inorganic nitrogen (NO3–N, NH4+-N)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With increase in the nitrogen content of oil cake, the inorganic nitrogen (NO3–N, NH4+-N) also increased”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At 18% nitrogen without shade, total free amino acid content was 614 mg·100g-1.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Treatment
- 18% nitrogen contente0
- Outcome
- total free amino acid contente0
- Value
- 614 mg·100g-1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total free amino acid content was 614 mg·100g-1 at 18% nitrogen content when not shading”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At 18% nitrogen with shade, total free amino acid content was highest at 1,073 mg·100g-1.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Treatment
- 18% nitrogen contente0
- Outcome
- total free amino acid contente1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1,073 mg·100g-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1,073 mg·100g-1 at 18% nitrogen content when shading was the highest”
e1“total free amino acid content”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Without oil cake, shade doubled total free amino acid content to 401 mg·100g-1 versus 200 mg·100g-1.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Treatment
- shadinge0
- Outcome
- total free amino acid contente1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2.0-folde0
- Qualifier
- 401 mg·100g-1e0
- Comparator
- non-shadinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a 2.0-fold increase for shading (401 mg·100g-1) compared to non-shading (200 mg·100g-1) that was not treated with oil cake”
e1“total free amino acid content”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Total free amino acid tended to increase with oil-cake nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Treatment
- nitrogen contente0
- Outcome
- total free amino acide0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total free amino acid showed a tendency to increase as the nitrogen content increased”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Straight 12% nitrogen oil cake yielded relatively decreased total free amino acid under both shade conditions.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Treatment
- straight oil cake (N 12%) treatmente0
- Outcome
- total free amino acide1
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both non-shading and shading showed a relatively decreased tendency for the straight oil cake (N 12%) treatment”
e1“the total free amino acid showed a tendency”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged 9% nitrogen oil cake most effective without shade.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Outcome
- oil cake with 9% nitrogen content for non-shading cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most effective nitrogen fertilizer was oil cake with 9% nitrogen content for non-shading cultivation”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged 4.5% nitrogen oil cake most effective under shade.
- Taxon
- Tea TreeCamellia sinensist0
- Outcome
- 4.5% nitrogen content for shading cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most effective nitrogen fertilizer was oil cake with 9% nitrogen content for non-shading cultivation and 4.5% nitrogen content for shading cultivation”
t0“Tea Tree Seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · physiology: photosynthesis · Camellia sinensis (black tea)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.