Abstract
Abstract Increasing temperature affects all food crops, thereby reducing their yield potential. Chickpea is a cool-season food legume vital for its nutritive value, but it is sensitive to high temperatures (> 32/20 °C maximum/minimum) during its reproductive and seed-filling stages. This study evaluated the effects of heat stress on yield and qualitative traits of chickpea seeds in a controlled environment. Chickpea genotypes differing in heat sensitivity [two heat-tolerant (HT) and two heat-sensitive (HS)] were raised in pots, initially in an outdoor environment (average 23.5/9.9 °C maximum/minimum), until the beginning of pod set (107–110 days after sowing). At this stage, the plants were moved to a controlled environment in the growth chamber to impose heat stress (32/20 °C) at the seed-filling stage, while maintaining a set of control plants at 25/15 °C. The leaves of heat-stressed plants of the HT and HS genotypes showed considerable membrane damage, altered stomatal conductance, and reduced leaf water content, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosynthetic ability (RuBisCo, sucrose phosphate synthase, and sucrose activities) relative to their corresponding controls. Seed filling duration and seed rate drastically decreased in heat-stressed plants of the HT and HS genotypes, severely reducing seed weight plant –1 and single seed weight, especially in the HS genotypes. Yield-related traits, such as pod number, seed number, and harvest index, noticeably decreased in heat-stressed plants and more so in the HS genotypes. Seed components, such as starch, proteins, fats, minerals (Ca, P, and Fe), and storage proteins (albumin, globulins, glutelin, and prolamins), drastically declined, resulting in poor-quality seeds, particularly in the HS genotypes. These findings revealed that heat stress significantly reduced leaf sucrose production, affecting the accumulation of various seed constituents, and leading to poor nutritional quality. The HT genotypes were less affected than the HS genotypes because of the greater stability of their leaf water status and photosynthetic ability, contributing to better yield and seed quality traits in a heat-stressed environment.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress damaged leaf membranes and altered stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- heat-stressede0
- Outcome
- membrane damage, altered stomatal conductancee0
- Comparator
- corresponding controlse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of heat-stressed plants of the HT and HS genotypes showed considerable membrane damage, altered stomatal conductance”
e1“relative to their corresponding controls”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced leaf water content, chlorophyll, fluorescence and photosynthetic ability.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- heat-stressede1
- Outcome
- leaf water content, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosynthetic abilitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- corresponding controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced leaf water content, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosynthetic ability (RuBisCo, sucrose phosphate synthase, and sucrose activities) relative to their corresponding controls”
e1“The leaves of heat-stressed plants”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress shortened seed filling duration and rate.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- heat-stressede0
- Outcome
- Seed filling duration and seed ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control plants at 25/15 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed filling duration and seed rate drastically decreased in heat-stressed plants of the HT and HS genotypes”
e1“while maintaining a set of control plants at 25/15 °C”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced seed weight per plant and single seed weight, especially in sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- heat-stressede1
- Outcome
- seed weight plant –1 and single seed weighte0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- especially in the HS genotypese0
- Comparator
- control plants at 25/15 °Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severely reducing seed weight plant –1 and single seed weight, especially in the HS genotypes”
e1“Seed filling duration and seed rate drastically decreased in heat-stressed plants of the HT and HS genotypes”
e2“control plants at 25/15 °C”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress decreased pod number, seed number and harvest index, especially in sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- heat-stressede0
- Outcome
- pod number, seed number, and harvest indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control plants at 25/15 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield-related traits, such as pod number, seed number, and harvest index, noticeably decreased in heat-stressed plants and more so in the HS genotypes.”
e1“control plants at 25/15 °C”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced seed starch, proteins and fats.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- starch, proteins, fatse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Comparator
- control plants at 25/15 °Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed components, such as starch, proteins, fats, minerals (Ca, P, and Fe), and storage proteins (albumin, globulins, glutelin, and prolamins), drastically declined”
e1“This study evaluated the effects of heat stress on yield”
e2“control plants at 25/15 °C”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced seed Ca, P and Fe.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- minerals (Ca, P, and Fe)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Comparator
- control plants at 25/15 °Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minerals (Ca, P, and Fe), and storage proteins (albumin, globulins, glutelin, and prolamins), drastically declined”
e1“This study evaluated the effects of heat stress on yield”
e2“control plants at 25/15 °C”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced albumin, globulins, glutelin and prolamins.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- storage proteins (albumin, globulins, glutelin, and prolamins)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Comparator
- control plants at 25/15 °Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“storage proteins (albumin, globulins, glutelin, and prolamins), drastically declined”
e1“This study evaluated the effects of heat stress on yield”
e2“control plants at 25/15 °C”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant genotypes were less affected than sensitive genotypes in yield and seed quality.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- yield and seed quality traitse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- HS genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The HT genotypes were less affected than the HS genotypes because of the greater stability of their leaf water status and photosynthetic ability, contributing to better yield and seed quality traits in a heat-stressed environment.”
t0“chickpea”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.