Abstract
To determine the impact of Graphium angolanus on fruit and seed production of Psorospermum febrifugum, its foraging and pollinating activities were studied at Dang, from March 1st to 8th, in 2016 and 2017. For each cropping period, two treatments were set up through labelling of 100 to 200 flowers: one treatment made up of flowers that were protected then uncovered, exposed to a single visit of G. angolanus and reprotected; another treatment with at flowers protected then uncovered and reprotected without insect or any other organism visit. The foraging behavior and pollination efficiency of G. angolanus were measured. The fruiting rate, the mean number of seeds per fruit and the percentage of normal seeds of P. febrifugum were evaluated. The fruiting rate, the mean number of seeds per fruit and the percentage of normal seeds were evaluated. Results show that, G. angolanus foraged on P. febrifugum flowers throughout its whole blooming period. On flowers, individual of G. angolanus intensely harvested nectar. The mean number of individuals foraging simultaneously on 1000 flowers was 19, the mean duration of a visit per flower was 1.57 second and the mean foraging speed was 33.42 flowers per minute. For the two years, through the pollination efficiency of a single flower visit, G. angolanus provoked a significant increment of the fruiting rate by 47.95%, the mean number of seeds per fruit by 15.23% and the percentage of normal seeds by 26.32%. The protection of populations of P. febrifugum is important to maintain the butterfly G. angolanus in the environment so that it contributes to the plant covert essential for the conservation of biodiversity, and to improve fruit production and seed quality of this Hypericaceae.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Graphium angolanus foraged on Psorospermum febrifugum throughout blooming.
- Taxon
- P. febrifugum
Psorospermum febrifugume0 - Organ / stage
- flowerse0
- Interactor
- G. angolanus
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Graphium angolanuse0pollinator - Outcome
- foragede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
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Verbatim
e0“G. angolanus foraged on P. febrifugum flowers throughout its whole blooming period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Graphium angolanus intensely harvested nectar from the flowers.
- Taxon
- flowerse0
- Interactor
- G. angolanusGraphium angolanuse0pollinator
- Outcome
- nectare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On flowers, individual of G. angolanus intensely harvested nectar.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean simultaneous abundance was 19 butterflies per 1000 flowers.
Verbatim
e0“The mean number of individuals foraging simultaneously on 1000 flowers was 19”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean visit duration was 1.57 seconds per flower.
Verbatim
e0“the mean duration of a visit per flower was 1.57 second”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean foraging speed was 33.42 flowers per minute.
Verbatim
e0“the mean foraging speed was 33.42 flowers per minute.”
Claim · model-written summary
A single Graphium angolanus visit increased fruiting rate by 47.95%.
- Taxon
- G. angolanusGraphium angolanuse0
- Treatment
- single flower visite0
- Interactor
- G. angolanusGraphium angolanuse0pollinator
- Outcome
- fruiting ratee0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 47.95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the two years, through the pollination efficiency of a single flower visit, G. angolanus provoked a significant increment of the fruiting rate by 47.95%, the mean number of seeds per fruit by 15.23% and the percentage of normal seeds by 26.32%.”
Claim · model-written summary
A single Graphium angolanus visit increased mean number of seeds per fruit by 15.23%.
- Taxon
- G. angolanusGraphium angolanuse0
- Treatment
- single flower visite0
- Interactor
- G. angolanusGraphium angolanuse0pollinator
- Outcome
- mean number of seeds per fruite0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 15.23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the two years, through the pollination efficiency of a single flower visit, G. angolanus provoked a significant increment of the fruiting rate by 47.95%, the mean number of seeds per fruit by 15.23% and the percentage of normal seeds by 26.32%.”
Claim · model-written summary
A single Graphium angolanus visit increased percentage of normal seeds by 26.32%.
- Taxon
- G. angolanusGraphium angolanuse0
- Treatment
- single flower visite0
- Interactor
- G. angolanusGraphium angolanuse0pollinator
- Outcome
- percentage of normal seedse0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 26.32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the two years, through the pollination efficiency of a single flower visit, G. angolanus provoked a significant increment of the fruiting rate by 47.95%, the mean number of seeds per fruit by 15.23% and the percentage of normal seeds by 26.32%.”