Abstract
Abstract Bio-fortification is a potential technique to tackle micronutrient deficiencies that remain. Wheat grain bio-fortification has the ability to decrease malnutrition because it represents one of the most essential staple crops. Bio-fortification is cost-effective and evidence-based sustainable technique to address malnutrition in wheat varieties possessing additional micronutrient contents. Nano-biofortification is a novel approach, enriching crops with essential nutrients in order to supplement human diets with balanced diets. The current study was designed to explore the potential role of phytogenic iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) to enhance nutritional contents in wheat plants to fulfill the nutrient deficiency important for human and animal health. In the current study, Fe-NPs were fabricated by using the extract of Mentha arvensis L. that were irregular in shape with an approximate size range of 40–100 nm. Further, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses were deployed to confirm the presence of t of various functional groups involved in the green and eco-friendly fabrication of Fe-NPs. The effects of phytogenic Fe-NPs were examined on various physiological and biochemical parameters such as total proline, total chlorophyll, carbohydrates, protein, crude fibers, and lipids contents. Moreover, wheat physiological and biochemical profiling was carried out, and it was noticed that Fe-NPs significantly altered the physico-biochemical profiling of wheat plants. Multiple methods of administration of Fe-NPs were used to fortify the wheat crop. However, the Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applications at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg·L −1 ) were found more suitable to enhance the contents of proline, Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, and lipids (20.22%, 18.23%, 17.25%, 16.32%, 12.34%, 24.31%, 19.52%, and 11.97%, respectively) in wheat plants. Further, wheat flour was exposed to digestive enzymes, with the iron content gradually increased in a dose-dependent manner. The nutritional analysis of wheat zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), yttrium (Y), and copper (Cu) and the fatty acid profile have demonstrated divergent patterns of behavior. Similarly, iron content was also increased significantly in response to the exposure to Fe-NPs.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming and foliar Fe-NPs enhanced wheat proline by 20.22%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 20.22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applications at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg·L −1 ) were found more suitable to enhance the contents of proline, Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, and lipids (20.22%, 18.23%, 17.25%, 16.32%, 12.34%, 24.31%, 19.52%, and 11.97%, respectively) in wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same application enhanced wheat chlorophyll a by 18.23%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 18.23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applications at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg·L −1 ) were found more suitable to enhance the contents of proline, Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, and lipids (20.22%, 18.23%, 17.25%, 16.32%, 12.34%, 24.31%, 19.52%, and 11.97%, respectively) in wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same application enhanced wheat chlorophyll b by 17.25%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- be0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 17.25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applications at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg·L −1 ) were found more suitable to enhance the contents of proline, Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, and lipids (20.22%, 18.23%, 17.25%, 16.32%, 12.34%, 24.31%, 19.52%, and 11.97%, respectively) in wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same application enhanced wheat total chlorophyll by 16.32%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 16.32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applications at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg·L −1 ) were found more suitable to enhance the contents of proline, Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, and lipids (20.22%, 18.23%, 17.25%, 16.32%, 12.34%, 24.31%, 19.52%, and 11.97%, respectively) in wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same application enhanced wheat carbohydrate content by 12.34%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- carbohydratee0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 12.34%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applications at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg·L −1 ) were found more suitable to enhance the contents of proline, Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, and lipids (20.22%, 18.23%, 17.25%, 16.32%, 12.34%, 24.31%, 19.52%, and 11.97%, respectively) in wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same application enhanced wheat protein content by 24.31%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- proteinse0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 24.31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applications at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg·L −1 ) were found more suitable to enhance the contents of proline, Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, and lipids (20.22%, 18.23%, 17.25%, 16.32%, 12.34%, 24.31%, 19.52%, and 11.97%, respectively) in wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same application enhanced wheat fiber content by 19.52%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- fiberse0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 19.52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applications at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg·L −1 ) were found more suitable to enhance the contents of proline, Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, and lipids (20.22%, 18.23%, 17.25%, 16.32%, 12.34%, 24.31%, 19.52%, and 11.97%, respectively) in wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same application enhanced wheat lipid content by 11.97%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- lipidse0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 11.97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Fe-NPs assisted seed priming along with foliar applications at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg·L −1 ) were found more suitable to enhance the contents of proline, Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, and lipids (20.22%, 18.23%, 17.25%, 16.32%, 12.34%, 24.31%, 19.52%, and 11.97%, respectively) in wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-NPs significantly increased wheat iron content.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, iron content was also increased significantly in response to the exposure to Fe-NPs.”
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See all 33 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.