Abstract
Microorganisms have recently gained recognition as efficient biological tool for reducing heavy metal toxicity in crops. In this experiment, we isolated a potent heavy metal (As, Ni, and Cr) resistant rhizobacterium Serratia marcescens DB1 and detected its plant growth promoting traits such as phosphate solubilization, gibberellin synthesis, organic acid production and amino acid regulation. Based on these findings, DB1 was further investigated for application in a rice var. Hwayeongbyeo subjected to 1 mM As, 4 mM Ni, and 4 mM Cr stress. The rice plants treated with Cr and Ni appeared healthy but were lethal, indicating unfitness for consumption due to toxic metal deposition, whereas the plants treated with > 1 mM As instantaneously died. Our results showed that DB1 inoculation significantly decreased metal accumulation in the rice shoots. Particularly, Cr uptake dropped by 16.55% and 22.12% in (Cr + DB1) and (Cr + As + Ni + DB1), respectively, As dropped by 48.90% and 35.82% in (As + DB1) and (Cr + As + Ni + DB1), respectively, and Ni dropped by 7.95% and 19.56% in (Ni + DB1) and (Cr + As + Ni + DB1), respectively. These findings were further validated by gene expression analysis results, which showed that DB1 inoculation significantly decreased the expression of OsPCS1 (a phytochelatin synthase gene), OsMTP1 (a metal transporting gene), and OsMTP5 (a gene for the expulsion of excess metal). Moreover, DB1 inoculation considerably enhanced the morphological growth of rice through modulation of endogenous phytohormones (abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid) and uptake of essential elements such as K and P. These findings indicate that DB1 is an effective biofertilizer that can mitigate heavy metal toxicity in rice crops.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
DB1 showed phosphate solubilization, gibberellin synthesis, organic acid production and amino acid regulation traits.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.
Oryza sativat0 - Interactor
- Serratia marcescens DB1
Serratia marcescense0symbiont - Outcome
- plant growth promoting traitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serratia marcescens DB1 and detected its plant growth promoting traits such as phosphate solubilization, gibberellin synthesis, organic acid production and amino acid regulation.”
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice treated with Cr and Ni appeared healthy but was unsuitable for consumption because of toxic metal deposition.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Cr and Nie0
- Outcome
- unfitness for consumption due to toxic metal depositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rice plants treated with Cr and Ni appeared healthy but were lethal, indicating unfitness for consumption due to toxic metal deposition”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice treated with more than 1 mM As died immediately.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- > 1 mM Ase0
- Outcome
- instantaneously diede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the plants treated with > 1 mM As instantaneously died.”
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
DB1 inoculation significantly decreased rice shoot metal accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- DB1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- metal accumulation in the rice shootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DB1 inoculation significantly decreased metal accumulation in the rice shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
With DB1, Cr uptake fell 16.55% under Cr stress.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cr + DB1e0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cr uptakee0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 16.55%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr uptake dropped by 16.55% and 22.12% in (Cr + DB1) and (Cr + As + Ni + DB1), respectively”
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
With DB1, Cr uptake fell 22.12% under combined metal stress.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cr + As + Ni + DB1e0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cr uptakee0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 22.12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr uptake dropped by 16.55% and 22.12% in (Cr + DB1) and (Cr + As + Ni + DB1), respectively”
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
With DB1, As uptake fell 48.90% under As stress.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- As + DB1e0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- Ase0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 48.90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As dropped by 48.90% and 35.82% in (As + DB1) and (Cr + As + Ni + DB1), respectively”
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
With DB1, As uptake fell 35.82% under combined metal stress.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cr + As + Ni + DB1e0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- Ase0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 35.82%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As dropped by 48.90% and 35.82% in (As + DB1) and (Cr + As + Ni + DB1), respectively”
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
With DB1, Ni uptake fell 7.95% under Ni stress.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ni + DB1e0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- Nie0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 7.95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ni dropped by 7.95% and 19.56% in (Ni + DB1) and (Cr + As + Ni + DB1), respectively.”
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
With DB1, Ni uptake fell 19.56% under combined metal stress.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cr + As + Ni + DB1e0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- Nie0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 19.56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ni dropped by 7.95% and 19.56% in (Ni + DB1) and (Cr + As + Ni + DB1), respectively.”
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
DB1 inoculation significantly decreased OsPCS1 expression.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DB1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Gene
- OsPCS1e0
- Outcome
- expression of OsPCS1e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DB1 inoculation significantly decreased the expression of OsPCS1 (a phytochelatin synthase gene), OsMTP1 (a metal transporting gene), and OsMTP5 (a gene for the expulsion of excess metal).”
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
DB1 inoculation significantly decreased OsMTP1 expression.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DB1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Gene
- OsMTP1e0
- Outcome
- OsMTP1e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DB1 inoculation significantly decreased the expression of OsPCS1 (a phytochelatin synthase gene), OsMTP1 (a metal transporting gene), and OsMTP5 (a gene for the expulsion of excess metal).”
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
DB1 inoculation significantly decreased OsMTP5 expression.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DB1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Gene
- OsMTP5e0
- Outcome
- OsMTP5e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DB1 inoculation significantly decreased the expression of OsPCS1 (a phytochelatin synthase gene), OsMTP1 (a metal transporting gene), and OsMTP5 (a gene for the expulsion of excess metal).”
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
DB1 inoculation enhanced rice morphological growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- DB1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- morphological growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- modulation of endogenous phytohormonese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DB1 inoculation considerably enhanced the morphological growth of rice through modulation of endogenous phytohormones (abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid) and uptake of essential elements such as K and P.”
Claim · model-written summary
DB1 inoculation modulated endogenous phytohormones.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- DB1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- modulation of endogenous phytohormonese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DB1 inoculation considerably enhanced the morphological growth of rice through modulation of endogenous phytohormones (abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid) and uptake of essential elements such as K and P.”
Claim · model-written summary
DB1 inoculation affected essential K and P uptake.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- DB1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- uptake of essential elements such as K and Pe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DB1 inoculation considerably enhanced the morphological growth of rice through modulation of endogenous phytohormones (abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid) and uptake of essential elements such as K and P.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify DB1 as a biofertilizer for mitigating heavy metal toxicity in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- DB1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- effective biofertilizer that can mitigate heavy metal toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DB1 is an effective biofertilizer that can mitigate heavy metal toxicity in rice crops.”
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