Abstract
The insecticide bifenthrin is a synthetic pyrethroid required by regulation for the production of nursery crops to suppress the red imported fire ant ( Solenopsis invicta ) in Orange and Riverside counties in California. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to analyze the effects of different rates of bifenthrin on the growth and mycorrhizal colonization of ‘Silver Queen’ corn ( Zea mays ) inoculated with VAM 80®, a mycorrhizal inoculum with spores, hyphae, and root pieces colonized by Glomus spp., used to inoculate California native plants in containers. Corn was used because it is the standard indicator plant used for mycorrhizal inoculum potential assays and it is a good host for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi propagation. The application of bifenthrin had no detrimental effects on mycorrhizal colonization of corn. There were no significant differences in the root length colonized by arbuscules, vesicles, or in the total percentage of mycorrhizal colonization obtained in the plants grown with the different bifenthrin rates 6 weeks after transplanting. However, there were significant interactions on the effects of bifenthrin and mycorrhizal colonization on plant growth. The addition of 12, 15, and 25 ppm of bifenthrin reduced corn biomass of nonmycorrhizal plants, but had no effect on the growth of mycorrhizal plants. There were no significant differences between the mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants grown with 0, 10, and 12 ppm of bifenthrin. In contrast, inoculation with VAM 80® increased the shoot dry weight of plants grown with 15 and 25 ppm of bifenthrin. This study showed that mycorrhizal colonization can be helpful to overcome some of the negative effects of bifenthrin on the growth of corn.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Bifenthrin had no detrimental effect on mycorrhizal colonization of corn.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn ( Zea mays ) inoculated with VAM 80®”
e3“The application of bifenthrin had no detrimental effects on mycorrhizal colonization of corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Bifenthrin rates did not significantly change root length colonized by arbuscules.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn ( Zea mays ) inoculated with VAM 80®”
e4“There were no significant differences in the root length colonized by arbuscules, vesicles, or in the total percentage of mycorrhizal colonization obtained in the plants grown with the different bifenthrin rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Bifenthrin at 12, 15 and 25 ppm reduced corn biomass of nonmycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse5 - Material
- nonmycorrhizal plantse5
- Treatment
- The addition of 12, 15, and 25 ppm of bifenthrine5
- Outcome
- corn biomass of nonmycorrhizal plantse5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn ( Zea mays ) inoculated with VAM 80®”
e5“The addition of 12, 15, and 25 ppm of bifenthrin reduced corn biomass of nonmycorrhizal plants, but had no effect on the growth of mycorrhizal plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bifenthrin at 12, 15 and 25 ppm had no effect on growth of mycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse5
- Treatment
- The addition of 12, 15, and 25 ppm of bifenthrine5
- Outcome
- growth of mycorrhizal plantse5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn ( Zea mays ) inoculated with VAM 80®”
e5“The addition of 12, 15, and 25 ppm of bifenthrin reduced corn biomass of nonmycorrhizal plants, but had no effect on the growth of mycorrhizal plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 0, 10 and 12 ppm bifenthrin, mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants did not differ significantly in growth.
- Treatment
- 0, 10, and 12 ppm of bifenthrine6
- Outcome
- plant growthe7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
- Comparator
- nonmycorrhizal plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn ( Zea mays ) inoculated with VAM 80®”
e6“There were no significant differences between the mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants grown with 0, 10, and 12 ppm of bifenthrin”
e7“there were significant interactions on the effects of bifenthrin and mycorrhizal colonization on plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Bifenthrin and mycorrhizal colonization had significant interactions on plant growth.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn ( Zea mays ) inoculated with VAM 80®”
e7“there were significant interactions on the effects of bifenthrin and mycorrhizal colonization on plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with VAM 80 increased shoot dry weight of plants grown with 15 and 25 ppm bifenthrin.
- Treatment
- inoculation with VAM 80®e3
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- 15 and 25 ppm of bifenthrine3
GlomusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn ( Zea mays ) inoculated with VAM 80®”
e3“inoculation with VAM 80® increased the shoot dry weight of plants grown with 15 and 25 ppm of bifenthrin”
e4“a mycorrhizal inoculum with spores, hyphae, and root pieces colonized by Glomus spp.”
The same questions in other papers
bifenthrin · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
bifenthrin · disease · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
bifenthrin · symbiosis · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
inoculation · Glomus · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
mycorrhiza · Glomus · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.