Abstract
Chilling stress is an important constraint for kale seed germination and seedlings establishment. It is vital to develop an effective approach to enhance kale seed germination ability under chilling stress. The present study reported that spermidine (Spd) could improve seed chilling tolerance in two kale cultivars 'Nagoya' (MGW) and 'Pigeon' (BB) during germination. The results showed that MGW was cold tolerant with a 90.67% germination percentage (GP) under chilling stress, while BB was cold sensitive with a 70.67% GP under chilling stress. Spd content in MGW and BB seeds during seed germination were up-regulated and down-regulated by chilling stress, respectively. Besides, chilling stress apparently decreased the gibberellin (GA) and ethylene (ET) contents, while increased the levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MGW and BB seeds during germination. Exogenous Spd application increased GA, ET contents and decreased ABA content through regulating the gene expressions of metabolic-related enzymes, thus effectively alleviating the low temperature damage on kale seed germination. Besides, Spd significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), and reduced the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2·-). The present study demonstrated that endogenous Spd metabolism plays an important role in kale seed germination under chilling stress. The effect of exogenous Spd on the metabolism of endogenous Spd, GA, ABA, ET and antioxidant enzymes might be the important reason for promoting the kale seed vigor at low temperature.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine improved seed chilling tolerance in two kale cultivars during germination.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise0 - Material
- 'Nagoya' (MGW) and 'Pigeon' (BB)e0
- Treatment
- spermidine (Spd)e0
- Outcome
- seed chilling tolerancee0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spermidine (Spd) could improve seed chilling tolerance in two kale cultivars 'Nagoya' (MGW) and 'Pigeon' (BB) during germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Under chilling stress, cultivar MGW was cold tolerant with a 90.67% germination percentage.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Material
- MGWe1
- Treatment
- chilling stresse1
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e1
- Value
- 90.67%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two kale cultivars 'Nagoya' (MGW) and 'Pigeon' (BB)”
e1“MGW was cold tolerant with a 90.67% germination percentage (GP) under chilling stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under chilling stress, cultivar BB was cold sensitive with a 70.67% germination percentage.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Material
- BBe2
- Treatment
- chilling stresse2
- Outcome
- GPe2
- Value
- 70.67%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two kale cultivars 'Nagoya' (MGW) and 'Pigeon' (BB)”
e2“BB was cold sensitive with a 70.67% GP under chilling stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling stress up-regulated seed Spd content in MGW during germination.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Material
- MGWe3
- Treatment
- chilling stresse3
- Outcome
- Spd contente3
- Direction
- up-regulatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two kale cultivars”
e3“Spd content in MGW and BB seeds during seed germination were up-regulated and down-regulated by chilling stress, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling stress down-regulated seed Spd content in BB during germination.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Material
- BBe3
- Treatment
- chilling stresse3
- Outcome
- Spd contente3
- Direction
- down-regulatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two kale cultivars”
e3“Spd content in MGW and BB seeds during seed germination were up-regulated and down-regulated by chilling stress, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling stress decreased gibberellin and ethylene contents in kale seeds.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse2
- Outcome
- gibberellin (GA) and ethylene (ET) contentse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two kale cultivars”
e2“chilling stress apparently decreased the gibberellin (GA) and ethylene (ET) contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling stress increased abscisic acid and reactive oxygen species levels in kale seeds.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse2
- Outcome
- levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two kale cultivars”
e2“chilling stress apparently decreased the gibberellin (GA) and ethylene (ET) contents”
e3“while increased the levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous spermidine increased gibberellin and ethylene contents in chilled kale seeds.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- Exogenous Spd applicatione1
- Outcome
- GA, ET contentse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two kale cultivars”
e1“Exogenous Spd application increased GA, ET contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous spermidine decreased abscisic acid content in kale seeds.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- Exogenous Spd applicatione1
- Outcome
- ABA contente2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two kale cultivars”
e1“Exogenous Spd application increased GA, ET contents”
e2“decreased ABA content”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous spermidine acts on gibberellin and ethylene contents through regulating the expression of metabolic-related enzyme genes.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- Exogenous Spd applicatione1
- Gene
- metabolic-related enzymese2
- Outcome
- GA, ET contentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two kale cultivars”
e1“Exogenous Spd application increased GA, ET contents”
e2“through regulating the gene expressions of metabolic-related enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine significantly increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in kale seeds.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- Spde6
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD)e6
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD)e6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two kale cultivars”
e6“Spd significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine reduced hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion levels in kale seeds.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- Spde6
- Outcome
- levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2·-)e7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two kale cultivars”
e6“Spd significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD)”
e7“reduced the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2·-)”
Claim · model-written summary
Endogenous spermidine metabolism plays an important role in kale seed germination under chilling stress.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise1
- Compound
- Spde1
- Outcome
- kale seed germinatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous Spd metabolism plays an important role in kale seed germination under chilling stress”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.