Abstract
Cotton crop is known to be poorly adapted to waterlogging, especially during the early growth stages. Developing functional relationships between crop growth and development parameters and the duration of waterlogging is essential to develop or improve existing cotton crop models for simulating the impact of waterlogging. However, there are only limited experimental studies conducted on cotton specifically aimed at developing the necessary functional relationships required for waterlogging modeling. Further research is needed to understand the effects of waterlogging on cotton crops and improve modeling capabilities in this area. The current study aimed to conduct waterlogging experiments and develop functional relationships between waterlogging and cotton growth and physiology. The experiments were conducted in pots, and the waterlogging was initiated by plugging the drain hole at the bottom of the pot using a wooden peg. In the experiments, eight waterlogging treatments, including the control treatment, were imposed at the vegetative growth stage (15 days after sowing). Control treatment had zero days of water-logged condition; other treatments had 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 days of waterlogging. It took five days to reach zero oxygen levels and one to two days to return to control after the treatment. After a total treatment duration of 14 days (30 days after sowing), the growth, physiological, reproductive, and nutrient analysis was conducted. All physiological parameters decreased with the number of days of waterlogging. Flavonoid and anthocyanin index increased with increased duration of waterlogging. Photosynthesis and whole plant dry weight in continuously waterlogged conditions were 75% and 78% less compared to 0, and 2-day water-logged plants. Plant height, stem diameter, number of main stem leaves, leaf area, and leaf length also decreased with waterlogging duration. When waterlogging duration increased, leaf, stem, and root macronutrients decreased, while micronutrients showed mixed trends. Based on the experimental study, functional relationships (linear, quadratic, and exponential decay) and waterlogging stress response indices are developed between growth and development parameters and the duration of waterlogging. This can serve as a base for developing or improving process-based cotton models to simulate the impact of waterlogging.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Pot oxygen reached zero after five days of waterlogging.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Outcome
- oxygen levelse0
- Direction
- zeroe0
- Value
- five dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth”
e0“It took five days to reach zero oxygen levels and one to two days to return to control after the treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxygen returned to control levels one to two days after treatment.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- oxygen levelse0
- Direction
- return to controle0
- Value
- one to two dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth”
e0“It took five days to reach zero oxygen levels and one to two days to return to control after the treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
All physiological parameters decreased as waterlogging duration increased.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- physiological parameterse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth”
e0“All physiological parameters decreased with the number of days of waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavonoid and anthocyanin index increased with waterlogging duration.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- Flavonoid and anthocyanin indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth”
e0“Flavonoid and anthocyanin index increased with increased duration of waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous waterlogging reduced cotton photosynthesis by 75% versus 0- and 2-day waterlogging.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- continuously waterlogged conditionse0
- Outcome
- Photosynthesise0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 75%e0
- Comparator
- 0, and 2-day water-logged plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth”
e0“Photosynthesis and whole plant dry weight in continuously waterlogged conditions were 75% and 78% less compared to 0, and 2-day water-logged plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous waterlogging reduced whole plant dry weight by 78% versus 0- and 2-day waterlogging.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- continuously waterlogged conditionse0
- Outcome
- whole plant dry weighte0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 78%e0
- Comparator
- 0, and 2-day water-logged plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth”
e0“Photosynthesis and whole plant dry weight in continuously waterlogged conditions were 75% and 78% less compared to 0, and 2-day water-logged plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height, stem diameter and main stem leaf number decreased with waterlogging duration.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- Plant height, stem diameter, number of main stem leavese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth”
e0“Plant height, stem diameter, number of main stem leaves, leaf area, and leaf length also decreased with waterlogging duration”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area and leaf length decreased with waterlogging duration.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- leaf area, and leaf lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth”
e0“Plant height, stem diameter, number of main stem leaves, leaf area, and leaf length also decreased with waterlogging duration”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf, stem and root macronutrients decreased with longer waterlogging.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- leaf, stem, and root macronutrientse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth”
e0“When waterlogging duration increased, leaf, stem, and root macronutrients decreased, while micronutrients showed mixed trends”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrients had mixed responses to waterlogging duration.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- micronutrientse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth”
e0“When waterlogging duration increased, leaf, stem, and root macronutrients decreased, while micronutrients showed mixed trends”
Claim · model-written summary
The study developed linear, quadratic and exponential response relationships and stress indices for cotton waterlogging.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- functional relationships (linear, quadratic, and exponential decay) and waterlogging stress response indicese0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton growth”
e0“functional relationships (linear, quadratic, and exponential decay) and waterlogging stress response indices are developed between growth and development parameters and the duration of waterlogging”
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