Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Dynamic shifts in climatic patterns increase soil salinity and boron levels, which are the major abiotic factors that affect plant growth and secondary metabolism. The present study assessed the role of growth regulators, including biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L. exposed to boron (25 mg kg –1 ) and salinity stresses (150 mM NaCl). These growth regulators enhanced leaf fresh weight (LFW) (70%), leaf dry weight (LDW) (20%), leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI) (85%), leaf moisture content (LMC) (98%), and relative water content (RWC) (115%) under salinity and boron stresses. Physiological attributes were analyzed to determine the stress levels and antioxidant protection. Photosynthetic pigments were negatively affected by salinity and boron stresses along with a nonsignificant reduction in trehalose, GA, osmoprotectant, and catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity. These parameters were improved by biochar application to soil and presoaking seeds in GA ( p < 0.05) in both varieties of S. melongena L. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that application of biochar and GA improved the stomatal regulation, trichome density, epidermal vigor, stomata size (SS) (13 381 μm), stomata index (SI) (354 mm 2 ), upper epidermis thickness (UET) (123 μm), lower epidermis thickness (LET) (153 μm), cuticle thickness (CT) (11.4 μm), trichome density (TD) (23 per mm 2 ), vein islet number (VIN) (14 per mm 2 ), vein termination number (VTN) (19 per mm 2 ), midrib thickness (MT) (5546 μm), and TD (27.4 mm 2 ) under salinity and boron stresses. These results indicate that the use of inexpensive and easily available biochar and seed priming with GA can improve morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of S. melongena L. under oxidative stress conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and gallic acid increased leaf fresh weight of Solanum melongena by 70% under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.
Solanum melongenae1 - Treatment
- biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM)e1
- Outcome
- leaf fresh weight (LFW)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These growth regulators enhanced leaf fresh weight (LFW) (70%), leaf dry weight (LDW) (20%), leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI) (85%), leaf moisture content (LMC) (98%), and relative water content (RWC) (115%) under salinity and boron stresses”
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and gallic acid increased leaf dry weight of Solanum melongena by 20% under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM)e1
- Outcome
- leaf dry weight (LDW)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These growth regulators enhanced leaf fresh weight (LFW) (70%), leaf dry weight (LDW) (20%), leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI) (85%), leaf moisture content (LMC) (98%), and relative water content (RWC) (115%) under salinity and boron stresses”
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and gallic acid increased leaf area index of Solanum melongena by 85% under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM)e1
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 85%e0
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These growth regulators enhanced leaf fresh weight (LFW) (70%), leaf dry weight (LDW) (20%), leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI) (85%), leaf moisture content (LMC) (98%), and relative water content (RWC) (115%) under salinity and boron stresses”
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and gallic acid increased leaf moisture content of Solanum melongena by 98% under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM)e1
- Outcome
- leaf moisture content (LMC)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 98%e0
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These growth regulators enhanced leaf fresh weight (LFW) (70%), leaf dry weight (LDW) (20%), leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI) (85%), leaf moisture content (LMC) (98%), and relative water content (RWC) (115%) under salinity and boron stresses”
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and gallic acid increased relative water content of Solanum melongena by 115% under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM)e1
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 115%e0
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These growth regulators enhanced leaf fresh weight (LFW) (70%), leaf dry weight (LDW) (20%), leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI) (85%), leaf moisture content (LMC) (98%), and relative water content (RWC) (115%) under salinity and boron stresses”
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and gallic acid enhanced leaf area of Solanum melongena under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM)e1
- Outcome
- leaf area (LA)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These growth regulators enhanced leaf fresh weight (LFW) (70%), leaf dry weight (LDW) (20%), leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI) (85%), leaf moisture content (LMC) (98%), and relative water content (RWC) (115%) under salinity and boron stresses”
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity and boron stresses negatively affected photosynthetic pigments of Solanum melongena.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- salinity and boron stressese2
- Outcome
- Photosynthetic pigmentse2
- Direction
- negatively affectede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e2“Photosynthetic pigments were negatively affected by salinity and boron stresses along with a nonsignificant reduction in trehalose, GA, osmoprotectant, and catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity and boron stresses, with a nonsignificant reduction, lowered trehalose, gallic acid and osmoprotectant in Solanum melongena.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- salinity and boron stressese2
- Outcome
- trehalose, GA, osmoprotectante2
- Direction
- reductione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e2“Photosynthetic pigments were negatively affected by salinity and boron stresses along with a nonsignificant reduction in trehalose, GA, osmoprotectant, and catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity and boron stresses, with a nonsignificant reduction, lowered catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity in Solanum melongena.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- salinity and boron stressese2
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitye2
- Direction
- reductione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e2“Photosynthetic pigments were negatively affected by salinity and boron stresses along with a nonsignificant reduction in trehalose, GA, osmoprotectant, and catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application to soil and GA seed presoaking improved the stress-affected physiological parameters of Solanum melongena in both varieties.
- Taxon
- S. melongena L.Solanum melongenae3
- Treatment
- biochar application to soil and presoaking seeds in GAe3
- Outcome
- These parameterse3
- Direction
- improvede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e3“These parameters were improved by biochar application to soil and presoaking seeds in GA ( p < 0.05) in both varieties of S. melongena L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and GA application increased stomata size of Solanum melongena (13 381 μm) under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- application of biochar and GAe4
- Outcome
- stomata size (SS)e4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 13 381 μme4
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that application of biochar and GA improved the stomatal regulation, trichome density, epidermal vigor, stomata size (SS) (13 381 μm), stomata index (SI) (354 mm 2 ), upper epidermis thickness (UET) (123 μm), lower epidermis thickness (LET) (153 μm), cuticle thickness (CT) (11.4 μm), trichome density (TD) (23 per mm 2 ), vein islet number (VIN) (14 per mm 2 ), vein termination number (VTN) (19 per mm 2 ), midrib thickness (MT) (5546 μm), and TD (27.4 mm 2 ) under salinity and boron stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and GA application improved stomata index of Solanum melongena (354 mm 2) under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- application of biochar and GAe4
- Outcome
- stomata index (SI)e4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 354 mm 2e4
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that application of biochar and GA improved the stomatal regulation, trichome density, epidermal vigor, stomata size (SS) (13 381 μm), stomata index (SI) (354 mm 2 ), upper epidermis thickness (UET) (123 μm), lower epidermis thickness (LET) (153 μm), cuticle thickness (CT) (11.4 μm), trichome density (TD) (23 per mm 2 ), vein islet number (VIN) (14 per mm 2 ), vein termination number (VTN) (19 per mm 2 ), midrib thickness (MT) (5546 μm), and TD (27.4 mm 2 ) under salinity and boron stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and GA application improved upper epidermis thickness of Solanum melongena (123 μm) under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- application of biochar and GAe4
- Outcome
- upper epidermis thickness (UET)e4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 123 μme4
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that application of biochar and GA improved the stomatal regulation, trichome density, epidermal vigor, stomata size (SS) (13 381 μm), stomata index (SI) (354 mm 2 ), upper epidermis thickness (UET) (123 μm), lower epidermis thickness (LET) (153 μm), cuticle thickness (CT) (11.4 μm), trichome density (TD) (23 per mm 2 ), vein islet number (VIN) (14 per mm 2 ), vein termination number (VTN) (19 per mm 2 ), midrib thickness (MT) (5546 μm), and TD (27.4 mm 2 ) under salinity and boron stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and GA application improved lower epidermis thickness of Solanum melongena (153 μm) under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- application of biochar and GAe4
- Outcome
- lower epidermis thickness (LET)e4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 153 μme4
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that application of biochar and GA improved the stomatal regulation, trichome density, epidermal vigor, stomata size (SS) (13 381 μm), stomata index (SI) (354 mm 2 ), upper epidermis thickness (UET) (123 μm), lower epidermis thickness (LET) (153 μm), cuticle thickness (CT) (11.4 μm), trichome density (TD) (23 per mm 2 ), vein islet number (VIN) (14 per mm 2 ), vein termination number (VTN) (19 per mm 2 ), midrib thickness (MT) (5546 μm), and TD (27.4 mm 2 ) under salinity and boron stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and GA application improved cuticle thickness of Solanum melongena (11.4 μm) under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- application of biochar and GAe4
- Outcome
- cuticle thickness (CT)e4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 11.4 μme4
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that application of biochar and GA improved the stomatal regulation, trichome density, epidermal vigor, stomata size (SS) (13 381 μm), stomata index (SI) (354 mm 2 ), upper epidermis thickness (UET) (123 μm), lower epidermis thickness (LET) (153 μm), cuticle thickness (CT) (11.4 μm), trichome density (TD) (23 per mm 2 ), vein islet number (VIN) (14 per mm 2 ), vein termination number (VTN) (19 per mm 2 ), midrib thickness (MT) (5546 μm), and TD (27.4 mm 2 ) under salinity and boron stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and GA application improved trichome density of Solanum melongena (23 per mm 2) under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- application of biochar and GAe4
- Outcome
- trichome density (TD)e4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 23 per mm 2e4
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that application of biochar and GA improved the stomatal regulation, trichome density, epidermal vigor, stomata size (SS) (13 381 μm), stomata index (SI) (354 mm 2 ), upper epidermis thickness (UET) (123 μm), lower epidermis thickness (LET) (153 μm), cuticle thickness (CT) (11.4 μm), trichome density (TD) (23 per mm 2 ), vein islet number (VIN) (14 per mm 2 ), vein termination number (VTN) (19 per mm 2 ), midrib thickness (MT) (5546 μm), and TD (27.4 mm 2 ) under salinity and boron stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and GA application improved vein islet number of Solanum melongena (14 per mm 2) under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- application of biochar and GAe4
- Outcome
- vein islet number (VIN)e4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 14 per mm 2e4
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that application of biochar and GA improved the stomatal regulation, trichome density, epidermal vigor, stomata size (SS) (13 381 μm), stomata index (SI) (354 mm 2 ), upper epidermis thickness (UET) (123 μm), lower epidermis thickness (LET) (153 μm), cuticle thickness (CT) (11.4 μm), trichome density (TD) (23 per mm 2 ), vein islet number (VIN) (14 per mm 2 ), vein termination number (VTN) (19 per mm 2 ), midrib thickness (MT) (5546 μm), and TD (27.4 mm 2 ) under salinity and boron stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and GA application improved vein termination number of Solanum melongena (19 per mm 2) under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- application of biochar and GAe4
- Outcome
- vein termination number (VTN)e4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 19 per mm 2e4
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that application of biochar and GA improved the stomatal regulation, trichome density, epidermal vigor, stomata size (SS) (13 381 μm), stomata index (SI) (354 mm 2 ), upper epidermis thickness (UET) (123 μm), lower epidermis thickness (LET) (153 μm), cuticle thickness (CT) (11.4 μm), trichome density (TD) (23 per mm 2 ), vein islet number (VIN) (14 per mm 2 ), vein termination number (VTN) (19 per mm 2 ), midrib thickness (MT) (5546 μm), and TD (27.4 mm 2 ) under salinity and boron stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and GA application improved midrib thickness of Solanum melongena (5546 μm) under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- application of biochar and GAe4
- Outcome
- midrib thickness (MT)e4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 5546 μme4
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that application of biochar and GA improved the stomatal regulation, trichome density, epidermal vigor, stomata size (SS) (13 381 μm), stomata index (SI) (354 mm 2 ), upper epidermis thickness (UET) (123 μm), lower epidermis thickness (LET) (153 μm), cuticle thickness (CT) (11.4 μm), trichome density (TD) (23 per mm 2 ), vein islet number (VIN) (14 per mm 2 ), vein termination number (VTN) (19 per mm 2 ), midrib thickness (MT) (5546 μm), and TD (27.4 mm 2 ) under salinity and boron stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and GA application improved TD of Solanum melongena (27.4 mm 2) under salinity and boron stresses.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena L.Solanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- application of biochar and GAe4
- Outcome
- TDe4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 27.4 mm 2e4
- Qualifier
- under salinity and boron stressese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar (5 g kg –1 ) and gallic acid (GA, 2 mM), in altering leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that application of biochar and GA improved the stomatal regulation, trichome density, epidermal vigor, stomata size (SS) (13 381 μm), stomata index (SI) (354 mm 2 ), upper epidermis thickness (UET) (123 μm), lower epidermis thickness (LET) (153 μm), cuticle thickness (CT) (11.4 μm), trichome density (TD) (23 per mm 2 ), vein islet number (VIN) (14 per mm 2 ), vein termination number (VTN) (19 per mm 2 ), midrib thickness (MT) (5546 μm), and TD (27.4 mm 2 ) under salinity and boron stresses”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.