Abstract
Abstract The thermal stability of plants with different types of photosynthesis Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD) to short-term elevated temperature (35°С, eT) at ambient (400 ppm, aCO2) and elevated (800 ppm, eCO2) CO2 concentration was investigated. Growth parameters, water, proline, and MDA content, CO2/H2О gas exchange parameters, the functioning of PS I and PS II, and the content of key photosynthetic (Rubisco, PEPC) and photorespiratory (GDC) enzymes were analyzed. Under control conditions, C4-type plants, compared with the C3-type, show higher values of dry biomass growth, intensity of visible photosynthesis, transpiration, and PS I activity and lower proline content. The photosynthetic and stomatal apparatus of both types was sensitive to eT, which manifested itself in a decrease in the intensity of apparent photosynthesis and transpiration. In addition, suppression of light reactions (PS II) and intensity of photorespiration (according to GDC) was observed in the C3-species and an increase in the content of proline in the C4-species. Under eCO2 conditions, the C3-species showed a decrease in the intensity of photorespiration, while oxidative stress (twofold increase in the content of MDA) was accompanied by reduced intensity of apparent photosynthesis, transpiration, and increased intensity of dark mitochondrial respiration in the C4-species. A softening effect of eCO2 on thermal stability data for C3- and C4-plants was not established. With the combined action of eCO2 and eT, both types exhibited oxidative stress, reduced efficiency of PS II and apparent photosynthesis, and activation of dark respiration. However, differences were also observed: oxidative stress was accompanied by a decrease in the increase in dry biomass and water content in tissues, as well as suppression of photorespiration, in the C3-species, while there was a decrease in the intensity of transpiration and an increase in the content of PEPC in the C4-species. Reduced WUE with combined action of eCO2 and eT in plants of the C4-species was less significant than the C3-species. The different response of quinoa plants (C3) and amaranth (C4) on the combined effect of climatic factors of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration is discussed.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Under control conditions, amaranth had higher dry biomass growth, visible photosynthesis and transpiration than the C3-type plants.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexus
Amaranthus retroflexuse0 - Outcome
- dry biomass growth, intensity of visible photosynthesis, transpiratione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- under control conditionse1
- Comparator
- C3-typee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e1“Under control conditions, C4-type plants, compared with the C3-type, show higher values of dry biomass growth, intensity of visible photosynthesis, transpiration, and PS I activity and lower proline content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under control conditions, amaranth had higher PS I activity than the C3-type plants.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Outcome
- PS I activitye1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- C3-typee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e1“Under control conditions, C4-type plants, compared with the C3-type, show higher values of dry biomass growth, intensity of visible photosynthesis, transpiration, and PS I activity and lower proline content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under control conditions, amaranth had lower proline content than the C3-type plants.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Outcome
- proline contente1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- C3-typee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e1“Under control conditions, C4-type plants, compared with the C3-type, show higher values of dry biomass growth, intensity of visible photosynthesis, transpiration, and PS I activity and lower proline content”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature decreased apparent photosynthesis and transpiration in amaranth.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- eTe2
- Outcome
- intensity of apparent photosynthesis and transpiratione2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e2“The photosynthetic and stomatal apparatus of both types was sensitive to eT, which manifested itself in a decrease in the intensity of apparent photosynthesis and transpiration”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature decreased apparent photosynthesis and transpiration in C3 quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoa
Chenopodium quinoae0 - Treatment
- eTe2
- Outcome
- intensity of apparent photosynthesis and transpiratione2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e2“The photosynthetic and stomatal apparatus of both types was sensitive to eT, which manifested itself in a decrease in the intensity of apparent photosynthesis and transpiration”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature suppressed light reactions (PS II) and photorespiration in C3 quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoae0
- Treatment
- eTe2
- Outcome
- light reactions (PS II) and intensity of photorespiratione3
- Direction
- suppressione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e2“The photosynthetic and stomatal apparatus of both types was sensitive to eT, which manifested itself in a decrease in the intensity of apparent photosynthesis and transpiration”
e3“In addition, suppression of light reactions (PS II) and intensity of photorespiration (according to GDC) was observed in the C3-species and an increase in the content of proline in the C4-species”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature increased proline content in C4 amaranth.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- eTe2
- Outcome
- content of prolinee3
- Direction
- increasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e2“The photosynthetic and stomatal apparatus of both types was sensitive to eT, which manifested itself in a decrease in the intensity of apparent photosynthesis and transpiration”
e3“In addition, suppression of light reactions (PS II) and intensity of photorespiration (according to GDC) was observed in the C3-species and an increase in the content of proline in the C4-species”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased photorespiration in C3 quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoae0
- Treatment
- eCO2e4
- Outcome
- intensity of photorespiratione4
- Direction
- decreasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e4“Under eCO2 conditions, the C3-species showed a decrease in the intensity of photorespiration, while oxidative stress (twofold increase in the content of MDA) was accompanied by reduced intensity of apparent photosynthesis, transpiration, and increased intensity of dark mitochondrial respiration in the C4-species”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 caused a twofold increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content in C4 amaranth.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- eCO2e4
- Outcome
- content of MDAe4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- twofolde4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e4“Under eCO2 conditions, the C3-species showed a decrease in the intensity of photorespiration, while oxidative stress (twofold increase in the content of MDA) was accompanied by reduced intensity of apparent photosynthesis, transpiration, and increased intensity of dark mitochondrial respiration in the C4-species”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced apparent photosynthesis and transpiration in C4 amaranth.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- eCO2e4
- Outcome
- intensity of apparent photosynthesis, transpiratione4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e4“Under eCO2 conditions, the C3-species showed a decrease in the intensity of photorespiration, while oxidative stress (twofold increase in the content of MDA) was accompanied by reduced intensity of apparent photosynthesis, transpiration, and increased intensity of dark mitochondrial respiration in the C4-species”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased dark mitochondrial respiration in C4 amaranth.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- eCO2e4
- Outcome
- intensity of dark mitochondrial respiratione4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e4“Under eCO2 conditions, the C3-species showed a decrease in the intensity of photorespiration, while oxidative stress (twofold increase in the content of MDA) was accompanied by reduced intensity of apparent photosynthesis, transpiration, and increased intensity of dark mitochondrial respiration in the C4-species”
Claim · model-written summary
A softening effect of elevated CO2 on thermal stability was not established for C3 and C4 plants.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“A softening effect of eCO2 on thermal stability data for C3- and C4-plants was not established”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and temperature caused oxidative stress in both C3 and C4 plants.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e5“A softening effect of eCO2 on thermal stability data for C3- and C4-plants was not established”
e6“With the combined action of eCO2 and eT, both types exhibited oxidative stress, reduced efficiency of PS II and apparent photosynthesis, and activation of dark respiration”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and temperature reduced PS II efficiency and apparent photosynthesis in both C3 and C4 plants.
- Taxon
- C3- and C4-plantse5
- Treatment
- combined action of eCO2 and eTe6
- Outcome
- efficiency of PS II and apparent photosynthesise6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“A softening effect of eCO2 on thermal stability data for C3- and C4-plants was not established”
e6“With the combined action of eCO2 and eT, both types exhibited oxidative stress, reduced efficiency of PS II and apparent photosynthesis, and activation of dark respiration”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and temperature activated dark respiration in both C3 and C4 plants.
- Taxon
- C3- and C4-plantse5
- Treatment
- combined action of eCO2 and eTe6
- Outcome
- dark respiratione6
- Direction
- activatione6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“A softening effect of eCO2 on thermal stability data for C3- and C4-plants was not established”
e6“With the combined action of eCO2 and eT, both types exhibited oxidative stress, reduced efficiency of PS II and apparent photosynthesis, and activation of dark respiration”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and temperature decreased the increase in dry biomass and water content in tissues of C3 quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoae0
- Treatment
- combined action of eCO2 and eTe6
- Outcome
- increase in dry biomass and water content in tissuese7
- Direction
- decreasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e6“With the combined action of eCO2 and eT, both types exhibited oxidative stress, reduced efficiency of PS II and apparent photosynthesis, and activation of dark respiration”
e7“oxidative stress was accompanied by a decrease in the increase in dry biomass and water content in tissues, as well as suppression of photorespiration, in the C3-species, while there was a decrease in the intensity of transpiration and an increase in the content of PEPC in the C4-species”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and temperature suppressed photorespiration in C3 quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoae0
- Treatment
- combined action of eCO2 and eTe6
- Outcome
- photorespiratione7
- Direction
- suppressione7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e6“With the combined action of eCO2 and eT, both types exhibited oxidative stress, reduced efficiency of PS II and apparent photosynthesis, and activation of dark respiration”
e7“oxidative stress was accompanied by a decrease in the increase in dry biomass and water content in tissues, as well as suppression of photorespiration, in the C3-species, while there was a decrease in the intensity of transpiration and an increase in the content of PEPC in the C4-species”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and temperature decreased the intensity of transpiration in C4 amaranth.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- combined action of eCO2 and eTe6
- Outcome
- intensity of transpiratione7
- Direction
- decreasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e6“With the combined action of eCO2 and eT, both types exhibited oxidative stress, reduced efficiency of PS II and apparent photosynthesis, and activation of dark respiration”
e7“oxidative stress was accompanied by a decrease in the increase in dry biomass and water content in tissues, as well as suppression of photorespiration, in the C3-species, while there was a decrease in the intensity of transpiration and an increase in the content of PEPC in the C4-species”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and temperature increased the content of PEPC in C4 amaranth.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- combined action of eCO2 and eTe6
- Outcome
- content of PEPCe7
- Direction
- increasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e6“With the combined action of eCO2 and eT, both types exhibited oxidative stress, reduced efficiency of PS II and apparent photosynthesis, and activation of dark respiration”
e7“oxidative stress was accompanied by a decrease in the increase in dry biomass and water content in tissues, as well as suppression of photorespiration, in the C3-species, while there was a decrease in the intensity of transpiration and an increase in the content of PEPC in the C4-species”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced water use efficiency under combined elevated CO2 and temperature was less significant in C4 amaranth than in C3 species.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- combined action of eCO2 and eTe2
- Outcome
- WUEe2
- Direction
- Reducede2
- Comparator
- C3-speciese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4-NAD)”
e2“Reduced WUE with combined action of eCO2 and eT in plants of the C4-species was less significant than the C3-species”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · physiology: photosynthesis · Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot amaranth)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
co2 · growth · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.